生、制枳实换用的枳实芍药散对便秘型肠易激综合征大鼠“脑-肠-菌”轴功能的影响

目的 从“脑-肠-菌”轴的角度探讨生、制枳实换用的枳实芍药散改善便秘型肠易激综合征（C-IBS）大鼠的作用机制。方法 将80只大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、匹维溴铵组（15.625 mg·kg^-1）、生枳实芍药散组、清炒枳实芍药散组、麸炒枳实芍药散组、炒炭枳实芍药散组、成品枳实芍药散组（3.75 g·kg^-1）,每组10只。除空白组灌胃常温0.9%氯化钠溶液外,其余各组均灌胃0~4 ℃冰0.9%氯化钠溶液（2 mL·d^-1,共14 d）建立C-IBS大鼠模型。连续给药14 d后检测大鼠粪便含水量、小肠推进率;酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）检测5-羟色胺（5-HT）、血管活性肠肽（VIP）、神经肽Y（NPY）、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）、P物质（SP）、二胺氧化酶（DAO）、D-乳酸（D-LA）水平;苏木素-伊红（HE）染色观察结肠组织病理损伤变化;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（Real-time PCR）检测结肠组织环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）、蛋白激酶A（PKA）、水通道蛋白3（AQP3） mRNA的表达及蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）检测结肠组织VIP和AQP3蛋白的表达;采用气质联用色谱法（GC-MS）检测短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）含量的变化。结果 与空白组比较,模型组大鼠粪便含水量、小肠推进率显著降低（P<0.01）;血清中5-HT、VIP、CGRP、SP水平显著上升,NPY水平显著下降（P<0.01）;血浆中DAO和D-LA水平显著升高（P<0.01）;结肠组织黏膜上皮轻度破损,杯状细胞减少且腔内颗粒明显减少;结肠组织中AQP3、cAMP、PKA mRNA表达水平和AQP3、VIP蛋白表达水平明显下降（P<0.05,P<0.01）;粪便中SCFAs总量呈明显下降趋势,其中,乙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、己酸含量显著减少,丙酸、丁酸含量明显上升（P<0.05,P<0.01）。与模型组比较,各给药组均明显提高C-IBS大鼠小肠推进率,改善肠黏膜屏障功能,调整模型大鼠血清中脑肠肽水平（P<0.05,P<0.01）,明显升高大鼠结肠组织中AQP3、cAMP、PKA mRNA及VIP、AQP3蛋白的表达水平（P<0.05,P<0.01）,除异丁酸外各给药组对大鼠粪便中短链脂肪酸含量均具有显著回调作用,并且麸炒枳实入药的枳实芍药散的作用稍强于其他炮制品枳实入药的枳实芍药散。结论 生、制枳实换用的枳实芍药散可通过对“脑-肠-菌”轴功能的调节来改善C-IBS,并且使用麸炒枳实入药的枳实芍药散效果更佳。     

基于肠-肾轴理论浅析膳食纤维对慢性肾病的影响

慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)可引起肠道菌群失调及肠道屏障功能受损,而肠道稳态的破坏有 利于肠源性毒素的产生及肠腔细菌、内毒素的易位,加重CKD的尿毒症毒性及全身性炎症。膳食纤维可靶向作用于 “肠-肾轴”,从而降低CKD的尿毒症毒素水平及减轻全身性炎症。膳食纤维有望成为治疗CKD的新策略。     

PRK近视患者角膜屈光力、眼轴和角膜中央厚度的相关分析

目的 :通过测量近视眼的角膜屈光力、眼轴和角膜中央厚度 ,分析角膜屈光力、眼轴和角膜中央厚度与近视程度的关系。方法 :在进行PRK治疗的患者中 ,根据屈光度将 2 78例 (538只眼 )患者分成低、中、高和超高度四组 ,应用角膜地形图仪测定角膜屈光力 ,A型超声波测定眼轴及角膜中央厚度 ,数据用Exce 197软件计算处理。结果 :垂直径角膜屈光力 (4 4 0 1± 1 54D)明显大于水平径角膜屈光力 (4 3 10± 1 4 0D) ,P <0 .0 1。 (角膜总屈光力与屈光度的大小无关 ) ;角膜中央厚度与屈光度的大小无关 ,各屈光度组间差异无显著性。眼轴随屈光度的增大而延长 ,差异非常显著。结论 :在近视眼中 ,眼轴起着决定性的作用 ,度数越高 ,眼轴越长 ,而角膜屈光力不起作用或作用甚微。角膜中央厚度与近视程度无关。     

A new approach to the study of ocular chromatic aberrations

We measured the ocular wavefront aberration at six different visible wavelengths (between 450 and 650 nm) in three subjects, using a spatially resolved refractometer. In this technique, the angular deviation of light rays entering the pupil at different locations is measured with respect to a target viewed through a centered pupil. Fits of the data at each wavelength to Zernike polynomials were used to estimate the change of defocus with wavelength (longitudinal chromatic aberration, LCA) and the wavelength-dependence of the ocular aberrations. Measured LCA was in good agreement with the literature. In most cases the wavefront aberration increased slightly with wavelength. The angular deviations from the reference stimulus measured using a magenta filter allowed us to estimate the achromatic axis and both optical and perceived transverse chromatic aberration (TCA), (including the effect of aberrations and Stiles-Crawford effect). The amount of TCA varied markedly across subjects, and between eyes of the same subject. Finally, we used the results from these experiments to compute the image quality of the eye in polychromatic light.     

赛庚啶对大鼠垂体-性腺轴功能的影响

目的　研究赛庚啶对大鼠垂体 性腺轴内分泌功能的影响。方法　用放射免疫分析法 (RIA)和电镜 ,观察赛庚啶对大鼠垂体 性腺轴内分泌功能及垂体促性腺细胞、卵巢、睾丸细胞超微结构的影响。结果　赛庚啶 2 .3mg·kg-1·d-1,ig ,连续用药14d ,可明显降低雌性大鼠血清卵泡刺激素 (FSH)、孕酮 (P)的含量 (P <0 .0 1) ,而升高黄体生成素 (LH)的水平 (P <0 .0 5 )。 4 .6mg·kg-1·d-1赛庚啶不但可引起雌性大鼠血清FSH、雌二醇 (E2 )、P的水平显著降低 ,升高LH的含量 (P <0 .0 5及 <0 .0 1) ,而且使雄性大鼠血清LH、T的含量明显升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。组织形态电镜观察 ,该药亦可引起大鼠卵巢细胞超微结构的退行性改变 ,睾丸支持细胞呈分泌状态 ,而垂体促性腺分泌细胞则无明显变化。结论　赛庚啶可抑制雌性大鼠FSH、E2 、P的分泌 ,促进雌、雄大鼠LH及雄性大鼠T的分泌 ,其机制可能与赛庚啶直接影响靶器官的分泌细胞有关。     

电针对慢性应激模型大鼠行为学及HPA轴相关激素的影响

目的 :探讨电针对慢性应激模型大鼠行为学的影响和对下丘脑 垂体 肾上腺轴 (HPA轴 )的调节作用。方法 :采用 7种不同的应激方式交替作用于SD大鼠 2 1d ,制成慢性应激模型 ,用韩氏电针仪 ,以 2Hz频率 ,0 .6mA电流强度 ,电针“百会”和“印堂”穴 ,每天 1次 ,每次 2 0min ,共2 1d。通过开野实验及糖水实验进行大鼠行为学检测 ,运用放射免疫法 (RIA)检测下丘脑CRF、垂体ACTH、肾上腺CORT的含量 ,并与空白组、模型组、百优解组及束缚组做比较。结果 :与空白组相比 ,模型组及模型束缚组开野实验的水平运动次数和垂直运动次数明显减少 ,糖水的摄入量明显减少 ,垂体ACTH、肾上腺CORT的含量明显升高 ,而电针组和百优解组可明显增加开野实验的垂直运动次数及糖水的摄入量 ,并可降低垂体ACTH、肾上腺CORT的分泌。结论 :慢性应激引起大鼠的活动性降低 ,探究行为减少和HPA轴亢进 ,电针可能通过调整垂体ACTH、肾上腺CORT的过度分泌 ,从而纠正HPA轴亢进 ,进而改善慢性应激大鼠的行为学表现。     

七味开心颗粒对脑损伤-嗅球破坏模型大鼠行为及血浆中ACTH、COR含量的影响

目的 :研究七味开心颗粒的药理作用。方法 :采用脑损伤 -嗅球破坏模型 ,将实验大鼠分为正常组、假手术组、模型组、盐酸氯米帕明组、七味开心颗粒 (高、中、低剂量 )组 ,观察各组大鼠行为学变化及其血浆中促肾上腺皮质激素 (ACTH )和皮质醇 (COR)含量的变化。结果 :在敞箱实验和避暗实验中 ,模型组大鼠行为出现明显变化 ,七味开心颗粒组和盐酸氯米帕明组均可显著拮抗大鼠行为变化 ;模型组大鼠血浆中ACTH、COR含量显著升高 (P<0 01) ,七味开心颗粒组和盐酸氯米帕明组都可抑制ACTH、COR含量的升高 (P<0 01)。结论 :七味开心颗粒可能通过作用于下丘脑 -垂体 -肾上腺皮质轴而发挥抗抑郁作用。     

Regional differences in brain monoamine oxidase subtypes in an animal model of geriatric depression: effects of olfactory bulbectomy in young versus aged rats

Geriatric depression is often associated dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and with poor responsiveness to antidepressants that work through inhibition of monoamine reuptake; accordingly, it has been suggested that MAO inhibitors may represent a therapeutic alternative in this group. In the current study, we evaluated expression of MAO subtypes in brain regions of young and aged rats subjected to olfactory bulbectomy (OBX), a procedure that reproduces many of the biochemical and functional changes associated with human depression. Activities of both MAO A and B were elevated in aged rats as compared to young rats in most regions, but not in the midbrain, and the OBX lesion failed to produce any change in this pattern. These results stand in contrast to the differential effects of glucocorticoids, which reduce brain MAO in young animals but induce activity in aged rats. Our results support the view that the aged brain possesses biochemical characteristics that distinguish its monoamine biochemistry from that of young brain, and that these distinctions may work in conjunction with HPA axis dysregulation to influence the etiology and therapy of geriatric depression. The use of appropriate animal models for depression and for disruption of HPA axis function can allow for the testing of potential human biomarkers (such as platelet MAO) that may serve to predict treatment outcome.     

Influence of the ventral hippocampal formation on plasma vasopressin, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and behavioral responses to novel acoustic stress

The ventral hippocampal formation (vHF) seems to constrain diverse responses to psychological stimuli, and disruption of this function may underlie severe neuropsychiatric diseases. In particular, the ventral subiculum inhibits hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity following psychological, but not systemic, stressors. Despite the difficulty in interpreting such HPA responses, they have been relied upon to further characterize vHF function, because increased HPA axis activity is implicated in neuropsychiatric disturbances, and reliance on behavioral and cognitive data is even more problematic. Plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP), which is inhibited by psychological stimuli and is also implicated in diverse neuropsychiatric diseases, provides a less ambiguous measure of CNS function. To test if its inhibition by psychological stress is also mediated by the vHF, we conducted two studies. In the first, pAVP and behavioral responses to novel acoustic stress were assessed in rats with bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the ventral subiculum and the ventral hippocampus. The subiculum lesions blocked the fall in pAVP and enhanced escape behaviors, whereas the hippocampal lesions produced responses intermediate to those in the subiculum-lesioned and control rats. In the second study, the pAVP response was similarly blocked by small lesions restricted to those vHF subfields which project to the neuroendocrine hypothalamus, compared to the response in animals with lesions in other vHF subfields. These results indicate that discrete projections from the vHF inhibit the pAVP response to psychological stimuli, and suggest that pAVP may provide a reliable probe of vHF activity.     

近视眼后极部视网膜厚度与眼轴长度的相关性研究

目的:探讨近视眼后极部不同区域的视网膜厚度与眼轴长度的关系。方法:采用视网膜厚度分析仪(retinalthicknessan-alyzer,RTA)测定45例(85眼)近视患者后极部视网膜厚度,并分析视网膜厚度与眼轴长度的相关性。结果:近视眼后极部视网膜平均厚度与性别、年龄无关,与眼轴长度明显相关,随着近视眼眼轴延长,近视屈光度明显增加,后极部视网膜厚度明显变薄,其中以黄斑周围区比黄斑区视网膜变薄更明显。结论:近视眼眼轴延长不仅会引起屈光度的近视化,还导致后极部视网膜厚度明显变薄。