枳术丸水煎液及其拆方含药血清对大鼠结肠Cajal间质细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:探讨枳术丸水煎液及其拆方对大鼠结肠Cajal间质细胞(ICC)增殖和凋亡的影响及其分子机制,并从细胞分子层面分析中医攻补兼施法治疗慢传输型便秘可能的机制。方法:将40只大鼠随机分成白术组、枳实组、枳术丸组、空白血清组,每组10只。白术组灌以17.7 g·kg-1·d-1白术水煎液,枳实组灌以8.9 g·kg-1·d-1枳实水煎液,枳术丸组灌以26.4 g·kg-1·d-1枳术丸水煎液,空白血清组灌以无菌蒸馏水3 mL,每日1次,连续7 d,取血制备含药血清和空白血清。将4组含药血清分别配成5%,10%,15%,20%4个体积分数,干预24 h,观察ICC的数量、形态,用细胞增殖毒性检测试剂盒(CCK-8)检测各组细胞增殖情况,测定各组最佳干预体积分数。将大鼠结肠ICC细胞分为正常组、空白血清组、白术组、枳实组、枳术丸组,5-乙炔基-2'脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(EdU)检测各组ICC的增殖情况,流式细胞仪检测各组ICC的凋亡情况;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测各组ICC中X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP),增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)蛋白表达情况。结果:与正常组比较,空白血清组、白术组、枳实组最佳干预体积分数均为10%,枳术丸组最佳干预体积分数为5%。与正常组比较,所有实验中空白血清组对ICC增殖和凋亡的影响没有明显差异;与正常组及空白血清组比较,白术组、枳实组、枳术丸组ICC增殖率有显著差异(P0.05,P0.01),与白术组和枳实组比较,枳术丸组对ICC增殖率明显增加(P0.05,P0.01);与枳实组比较,白术组对ICC增殖率变化不明显。与正常组及空白血清组比较,白术组、枳实组、枳术丸组ICC的凋亡率无明显差异;与正常组及空白血清组比较,白术组、枳实组、枳术丸组内的XIAP,PCNA蛋白水平均明显上调(P0.05,P0.01),三组间比较差异不明显。结论:枳术丸、枳实、白术在一定浓度下均能通过增加XIAP,PCNA蛋白表达促进ICC的增殖,且对ICC的凋亡无明显影响;以攻补兼施法立法的方剂枳术丸能促进ICC的增殖,并且其增殖效果优于攻伐单药枳实和补益单药白术。     

A perivascular niche in the bone marrow hosts quiescent and proliferating tumorigenic colorectal cancer cells

Disseminated tumor cells (dTCs) can frequently be detected in the bone marrow (BM) of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, raising the possibility that the BM serves as a reservoir for metastatic tumor cells. Identification of dTCs in BM aspirates harbors the potential of assessing therapeutic outcome and directing therapy intensity with limited risk and effort. Still, the functional and prognostic relevance of dTCs is not fully established. We have previously shown that CRC cell clones can be traced to the BM of mice carrying patient-derived xenografts. However, cellular interactions, proliferative state and tumorigenicity of dTCs remain largely unknown. Here, we applied a coculture system modeling the microvascular niche and used immunofluorescence imaging of the murine BM to show that primary CRC cells migrate toward endothelial tubes. dTCs in the BM were rare, but detectable in mice with xenografts from most patient samples (8/10) predominantly at perivascular sites. Comparable to primary tumors, a substantial fraction of proliferating dTCs was detected in the BM. However, most dTCs were found as isolated cells, indicating that dividing dTCs rather separate than aggregate to metastatic clones—a phenomenon frequently observed in the microvascular niche model. Clonal tracking identified subsets of self-renewing tumor-initiating cells in the BM that formed tumors out of BM transplants, including one subset that did not drive primary tumor growth. Our results indicate an important role of the perivascular BM niche for CRC cell dissemination and show that dTCs can be a potential source for tumor relapse and tumor heterogeneity.     

Peripheral whole blood FOXP3 TSDR methylation: a potential marker in severity assessment of autoimmune diseases and chronic infections

Immune dysregulation is a cardinal feature of autoimmune diseases and chronic microbial infections. In particular, regulatory T cells are downregulated in autoimmune diseases while upregulated in chronic microbial infections. FOXP3 is the master regulator of Treg development. Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) is a highly conserved locus on the FOXP3 gene that is fully demethylated in natural Tregs but methylated in effector T cells. In our study, we used high resolution melt-polymerase chain reaction (HRM-PCR) to determine the FOXP3 TSDR methylation status in autoimmune diseases and chronic microbial infections. We found that FOXP3 TSDR to have the highest mean melting temperature (highly methylated) in active SLE patients compared to all the other groups (p?<?0.001). The psoriasis group also had a significantly high mean melting temperature (78.62?±?0.20) when compared with the inactive SLE group (78.49?±?0.29, p?<?0.05) and control group (78.44?±?0.25, p?<?0.01). There was no significant difference in melting temperature between inactive SLE and healthy controls. Disease activity in SLE was directly associated with methylation of the FOXP3 TSDR. On the other hand, patients with chronic microbial infections had significantly lower FOXP3 TSDR mean melting temperature (demethylated) when compared with healthy controls (78.28?±?0.21 vs 78.44?±?0.25, p?<?0.05). Our results suggest that the use of HRM-PCR to detect FOXP3 TSDR methylation status is a reliable and easy method to predict natural regulatory T cell levels in peripheral blood in different disease conditions. Determining FOXP3 TSDR methylation status can be a useful tool in diagnosis, and monitoring the severity of autoimmune diseases and chronic microbial infections.     

Sirt5 is dispensable for BrafV600E‐mediated cutaneous melanoma development and growth in vivo

Sirt5 is known to functionally regulate mitochondrial proteins by altering posttranslational modifications, including lysine desuccinylation. While roles for Sirt5 as either a tumor promoter or suppressor, or in chemoresistance, have been implicated in other cancers, the function of Sirt5 in cutaneous melanoma has not been well examined. Therefore, to determine whether Sirt5 is necessary for Braf^V600E‐mediated melanoma formation and/or disease progression, we crossed a genetically engineered murine melanoma model (Tyr^CreERT2/+; Braf^{LSL‐V600E/+}; Pten^flox/flox) to Sirt5^?/? knockout animals. In addition, we tested for synergism with a selective BRAF (V600E) inhibitor in Sirt5^?/? mouse melanoma cells. Taken together, this report demonstrates that, in these models, Sirt5 is dispensable for Braf^V600E‐mediated cutaneous melanoma formation and growth in vivo, and does not improve sensitivity to a selective BRAF inhibitor.     

贵阳地区儿童重症社区获得性肺炎肺泡灌洗液病原及药敏分析

目的分析贵阳地区儿童重症社区获得性肺炎支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）病原学分布及耐药特点。方法收集989例重症社区获得性肺炎患儿临床资料，将支气管肺泡灌液采用支气管镜取出进行细菌培养、病毒以及肺炎支原体(MP)检测。结果（1）989例重症社区获得性肺炎患儿病原检出阳性716例，阳性率72.40%，细菌、病毒、支原体检出率分别33.27% （329例）、22.45%（222例）、31.45%（311例）。（2）细菌感染中的肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为最为常见的革兰阳性菌株(G+)；而肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌为最为常见的革兰阴性菌株(G-)。培养菌株对青霉素类、红霉素、第1、2、3代头孢类抗生素有较高的耐药性，对头孢吡肟、拉氧头孢、哌拉西林、左氧氟沙星有较高的敏感性，对亚胺培南、万古霉素、利奈唑烷均无耐药发生。（3）病毒感染检出222例，其中呼吸道合胞病毒131例，腺病毒检测49例，流感病毒6例（A型2例，B型4例），副流感病毒36例（1型3例、2型4例、3型29例），病毒检出率以0～12月龄组最高，RSV、ADV感染主要集中在冬春季节。（4）肺炎支原体检出阳性率31.45%（311例），肺炎支原体检出率以3～5岁组最高。结论贵阳地区重症肺炎中肺炎克雷伯杆菌、肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为重要的细菌病原。重要病毒为腺病毒和呼吸道病毒为主，1～12月龄组的病毒感染检出率比较高。     

红景天苷通过TLR4调控DC提高T细胞对肺癌3LL细胞的杀伤力

目的：探讨红景天苷（salidroside，SAL）对树突状细胞（dendritic cell，DC）表型及细胞毒性T细胞（cytotoxic T lympho‐cyte，CTL）抗肿瘤能力的影响。方法：选用Lewis肺癌细胞株3LL、野生型C57BL/6和TLR4-/-C57BL/6小鼠，获取小鼠骨髓来源的DC前体细胞，经过培养分化成未成熟DC，收获第6天的DC，经磁珠分选后获得纯度较高的CD11c+DC。将细胞分成PBS组、SAL组和脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide，LPS）组，培养48 h后用流式细胞术检测SAL体外对DC表面分子、吞噬功能、TLR4通路和对T细胞杀伤能力的影响。结果：与 PBS 组比较，SAL组DC的表面分子CD80、CD86、MHC Ⅱ表达水平显著升高（均 P<0.05）、吞噬功能显著下降（P<0.05）、TLR4 表达水平显著升高（P<0.01）；与野生型组比较，TLR4-/-组DC经SAL或LPS处理后，其表面分子CD80、CD86、MHC Ⅱ的表达水平显著降低（均P<0.05）；与PBS组比较，SAL组刺激活化的CTL对肺癌3LL细胞的杀伤效应显著升高（P<0.05）。结论：SAL可以通过调控TLR4诱导DC成熟，从而提高T细胞的杀伤能力     

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Immunoregulatory Role at the Periapex: Associative and Mechanistic Evidences from Human and Experimental Periapical Lesions

IntroductionThe balance between the host proinflammatory immune response and the counteracting anti-inflammatory and reparative responses supposedly determine the outcome of periapical lesions. In this scenario, the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may exert a protective role because of its prominent immunoregulatory capacity. In this study, we investigated (in a cause-and-effect manner) the potential involvement of VIP in the development of human and experimental periapical lesions.MethodsPeriapical granulomas (n = 124) and control samples (n = 48) were comparatively assessed for VIP and multiple immunologic/activity marker expression through real-time polymerase chain reaction. Experimental periapical lesions (C57Bl/6 wild-type mice) were evaluated regarding endogenous VIP expression correlation with lesion development and the effect of recombinant VIP therapy in lesion outcome. CCR4KO and IL4KO strains and anti-glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein inhibition were used to test the involvement of Treg and Th2 cells in VIP-mediated effects.ResultsVIP expression was more prevalent in periapical granulomas than in controls, presenting a positive association with immunoregulatory factors and an inverse association/correlation with proinflammatory mediators and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio. Endogenous VIP expression up-regulation was temporally associated with lesion immunoregulation and a decline of bone loss. VIP therapy in mice prompted the arrest of lesion development, being associated with an anti-inflammatory and proreparative response that limits the proinflammatory, Th1, Th17, and osteoclastogenic response in the periapex. The VIP protective effect was dependent of Treg migration and activity and independent of interleukin 4.ConclusionsOur results show that VIP overexpression in human and experimental periapical lesions is associated with lesion inactivity and that VIP therapy results in the attenuation of experimental lesion progression associated with the immunosuppressive response involving Treg cells.     

神经生长因子(NGF)对兔角膜缘干细胞增殖的影响

目的:探讨神经生长因子(NGF)对兔角膜缘干细胞增殖作用的影响及最佳有效浓度。方法:取成年大耳白兔角膜缘组织,应用组织块消化培养法进行原代培养,取第2代生长状态良好的干细胞,以5×103个/m l细胞浓度接种于96孔细胞培养板中,依次加入不同浓度的NGF,培养48h后,采用M TT法测定细胞增殖情况。结果:10ng/m l、50ng/m l、100ng/m l、200ng/m l不同浓度组的NGF均有促进角膜缘干细胞的增殖作用,与对照组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。1ng/m l组与对照组、50ng/m l组与200ng/m l组比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:NGF可有效促进培养角膜缘干细胞的生长,培养的适宜浓度为10~100 ng/m l,为角膜缘干细胞移植患者术后及角膜外伤或溃疡时局部应用NGF提供了理论依据。     

超顺磁性氧化铁标记大鼠骨髓基质细胞经门静脉移植MRI活体示踪的研究

目的观察1．5T场强MRI联合动物专用线圈是否可以活体示踪经门静脉移植的纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记的骨髓基质细胞（bone marrow stromal cells BMSCs），为介人性门静脉骨髓基质细胞移植治疗终末期肝脏疾病的研究提供进一步的依据。方法供体大鼠5只，梯度密度离心分离BMSCs，纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒和脂质体转染BMSCs，体外经普鲁士蓝染色和HE染色确定细胞标记率。受体大鼠15只，分为5组，分别为对照组和纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒标记的骨髓基质细胞经门静脉移植人正常大鼠肝脏后2h、3d、7d及2周组。1．5T场强MRI联合动物专用线圈行T1W、T2W和T2＊序列扫描，观察肝脏信号改变情况，与对照组比较，并且与组织切片对照。结果纳米级超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒和脂质体转染BMSCs，细胞标记率〉95％。经门静脉移植人正常大鼠肝脏后，T2＊序列扫描显示经标记的BMSCs在肝内显示弥漫性的结节性低信号影，移植后2h到2周均可见到细胞在受体肝脏内存在，组织学切片显示信号缺失部位与铁颗粒标记细胞相一致。结论纳米级超顺磁性铁氧体颗粒标记的大鼠BMSCs经门静脉移植后可以通过1、5T场强行MRI活体示踪，为临床干细胞移植的应用提供可行的示踪方法。     

雷帕霉素对内皮祖细胞数量与功能的影响

目的观察雷帕霉素对外周血内皮祖细胞（EPCs）数量与功能的影响。方法采用密度梯度离心法从外周血获得单个核细胞，将其接种在人纤维连接蛋白包被的培养板上，培养7天后收集贴壁细胞，加入不同浓度（1.0、2．0、5．0ug／m^3）雷帕霉素分别培养6、12、24、48h。激光共聚焦显微镜鉴定，FITC-UEA-I和Dil-acLDL双染色阳性细胞为正在分化的EPCs，流式细胞仪检测其表面标志以进一步鉴定EPCs，并在倒置荧光显微镜下计数。然后分别采用MTT比色法、改良的Boyden小室、黏附能力测定实验和体外血管生成试剂盒来观察EPCs的增殖能力、迁移能力、黏附能力和体外血管形成能力。结果EPCs数量随雷帕霉素浓度与作用时问增加而减少，其增殖能力、迁移能力、黏附能力和体外血管形成能力亦随雷帕霉素浓度与作用时间增加而降低。结论雷帕霉素降低EPCs的数量、增殖能力、迁移能力、黏附能力和体外血管形成能力，并呈浓度和时间依赖性。