试论肾虚痹证(类风湿性关节炎)发育生物学基础

类风湿性关节炎 (ＲｈｅｕｍａｔｏｉｄＡｒｔｈｒｉｔｉｓ ,ＲＡ)是一种常见的以关节组织慢性炎症病变为主要表现的难治性自身免疫性疾病 ,属于中医痹证范畴。现代医学对其病因尚未阐明 ,中医学认为痹证的病因以风寒湿为外因 ,肾虚为内因。随着现代科学的不断发展 ,运用现代科学的研究成果阐释肾虚痹证的发病机理 ,对于认识和治疗ＲＡ ,促进中西医结合的发展都具有重要的理论和现实意义。1　肾虚是痹证发生的重要原因中医学认为 ,肾藏精 ,主骨生髓 ,只有当肾气充盛时 ,方能“筋骨坚” ,“筋骨劲强 ,肌肉满状”。若肾精亏虚 ,或先天不足 ,则…     

冷灸治疗类风湿性指间关节炎疗效观察

目的:观察冷灸对类风湿性指间关节炎的临床疗效。方法:将576例类风湿性指间关节炎随机分为治疗组(冷灸组)290例和对照组(服药组)286例,治疗时间为2个月。结果:两者总有效率虽然差异不明显,但在第二疗程末前者完全缓解率达77.2％,后者仅23.4％,经统计学处理P<0.005,两者差异有非常显著性意义。结论:冷灸治疗类风湿性指间关节炎效果优于西药抗炎剂。     

HLA—DRB1等位基因与我国北方类风湿关节炎的关系

为了观察ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１等位基因在类风湿关节炎（ＲＡ）临床及发病中的作用，对８６例ＲＡ患者和１０６名正常对照的ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１等位基因进行分型。用序列特异性引物体外基因扩增法测定ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ特异性，用序列特异性寡核苷酸探针进行ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ４亚型的测定。并根据ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１等位基因的分型结果分析ＲＡ的临床表现和血清学特点及其与ＲＡ患者预后的关系。结果表明：同对照组相比，ＲＡ患者中ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ４基因频率明显增高（４８．８％比１７．９％，Ｐ＜０．００１），而ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ５基因频率降低（１６．３％比２７．４％，Ｐ＝０．０６）。ＤＲ４阳性ＲＡ中主要的ＤＲ４亚型为ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊０４０５（６１．９％比２１．１％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。在ＤＲ４阳性和ＤＲ４阴性两组患者中，其发病年龄、病程和关节外表现无明显差异，但ＤＲ４阳性组的类风湿因子阳性率高于ＤＲ４阴性组（Ｐ＜０．０５），并且ＤＲ４阳性的ＲＡ患者腕和（或）指关节Ｘ线片分期明显重于ＤＲ４阴性者（Ｐ＜０．０５）。本研究结果表明，我国北方ＲＡ患者和ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ４基因明显相关，其主要亚型为ＨＬＡ－ＤＲＢ１＊０４０５。ＲＡ患者ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ４基因的检测可作为一项有用的预后判断指标。     

类风湿性关节炎治疗最新进展

对近年来国内对类风湿性关节炎(RA)的临床治疗进行了综述．包括：药物治疗、物理治疗、外科和其他疗法，尤其是在药物开发、作用机理、研究进展方面作了更为详尽的归纳阐述。指出：生物制剂作为新兴的RA治疗药物，具有药理靶点选择性高和毒副作用较小的优点．预期将有广泛的应用前景。     

Rheumatoid arthritis of the craniocervical region: assessment and characterization of inflammatory soft tissue proliferations with unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT

The aim of this study was to depict and characterize inflammatory soft tissue proliferations caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the craniocervical region by unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT. Computed tomography of the craniocervical region was performed in 35 patients in the axial plane before and after the i. v. administration of contrast material. According to the densities and contrast enhancement of the inflammatory soft tissue proliferations, four groups were classified. Ancillary findings, such as a compression of the dural sac or spinal cord, erosions of the bony structures, and atlantoaxial subluxation, were also evaluated. Inflammatory soft tissue proliferations were depicted in 28 of 35 patients and could be differentiated by unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT according to the above defined criteria: effusion in 6 patients (17 %); hypervascular pannus in 8 (23 %); hypovascular pannus in 5 (14 %); and fibrous tissue in 9 patients (26 %). A compression of the dural sac was seen in 11 (31 %) patients; 3 of these had neurological symptoms. Erosions of the odontoid process were found in 20 (57 %) patients; 16 (80 %) of these also showed erosions of the atlas. Atlantoaxial subluxation was seen in 11 (31 %) patients. Inflammatory soft tissue proliferations in the craniocervical region caused by RA can be reliably demonstrated and classified by unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT, which can differentiate between joint effusion and various forms of pannus and depict ancillary findings. Computed tomography is an alternative method for patients unable to undergo an MRI examination. Received: 4 October 1999; Revised: 7 March 2000; Accepted: 14 March 2000     

HLA-DRB1等位基因在皖籍类风湿关节炎患者的分布

目的探讨HLA-DRB1基因在皖籍类风湿关节炎患者的分布。以寻找皖籍类风湿关节炎患者的易感性和保护性HLA-DRB1等位基因及这些等位基因的意义。方法采集类风湿关节炎患者（106例）和正常对照（340例）外周静脉血，采用SSP多重PCR技术扩增两组成员HLA-DRB1等位基因。计算并比较两组等位基因携带率。结果HLA-DRB1＊04、DRB1＊09和DRB1＊1001在RA组的频率显著高于正常对照组，两组差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；而HLA-DRB1＊11、DRB1＊15和DRB1＊07的频率显著低于对照组，两组差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；其余等位基因在两组分布差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论HLA-DRB1＊04、DRB1＊09和DRB1＊1001可能是皖籍RA患者的易感性等位基因，HLA—DRB1＊11、DRB1＊15和DRB1＊07可能是保护性等位基因。     

抗-CCP抗体未分化关节炎向类风湿关节炎发展的预测价值

目的探讨抗环瓜氨酸肽(cyclic citrullinated peptide,CCP)抗体在预测未分化关节炎(undifferentiatedarthritis.UA)向类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)发展的临床价值及其反应RA活动性的潜能。方法用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)和速率散射比浊法对UA病人进行抗-CCP抗体和类风湿因子(RF)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)检测;追踪病人临床资料,选取确诊病例进行抗-CCP抗体试验指标评价,并分析其与RF和CRP的相关性。结果抗-CCP抗体预测UA向RA发展的敏感性为73.3%、特异性为92.6%。阳性和阴性似然比分别为9.9和0.29;相关性分析结果表明,抗-CCP抗体和RF没有相关性,但和CRP具有弱相关性。结论抗-CCP抗体对UA向RA发展具有较好的预测价值,并可能具有反应RA活动性的潜能。     

镇关灵治疗类风湿性关节炎的药效学研究

目的 探索镇关灵治疗类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoida~dtis，RA)的作用。方法 以佐剂性关节炎(AA)、蛋清性关节炎、角叉菜胶性关节炎为实验病理目标，建立二硝基氟苯所致小鼠迟发型超敏反应(DTH)、棉球肉芽肿及醋酸所致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高和扭体反应等病理模型。结果 镇关灵能显著抑制大鼠佐剂性关节炎、蛋清性关节炎、角又菜胶所致炎症的足跖肿胀度和棉球肉芽肿，抑制由醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应和腹腔毛细血管通透性增高，并可抑制DTH。结论 镇关灵具有良好的抗炎镇痛免疫抑制作用，对类风湿性关节炎具有明显的预防和治疗作用。     

Tolerancia oral en artritis experimental inducida por antígeno en conejos por administración de hidrolizado de cartílago articular

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by polyarticular inflammation, swelling and inflammation that affects more than 1% of the world population. The pathobiology of rheumatoid arthritis involves several cell populations as T lymphocytes, B, macrófagosy fibroblasts, and a complex proinflammatory cytokines interactions. Conventional and biologic therapies do not always work or produce only a partial improvement. Immunological tolerance is a mechanism by which the immune system prevents autoreactivity. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of peptides from an from articular cartilage hydrolysate extracted of tarsus (HCA) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in a model of rheumatoid arthritis (AAE) in rabbits. AAE animals showed inflammation and pain within de first month of the primary immunization that was reversed in the AAE + HCA group. The control group showed a normal unnaffected synovial tissue. The AAE group revealed an inflamatory process whith synovial hyperplasia, filtering in lymphocytes and vascular proliferation. The treated group decreased significantly inflammation, lymphocyte proliferation and angiogenesis. Arthritic rabbits increased the levels in flammatory markers as nitric oxide, interferon gamma (INF-ɣ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) compared to control and significantly reduced levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4). The treatment showed a significant reduction of nitricoxide, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and an increase in IL-4. This work suggests that this therapy may be useful in the clinical aspect and the biochemical and immune parameters. Future studies with larger numbers of animals and other laboratory parameters may provide additional evidence in this regard.     

Clinical and radiographic results from a 2-year comparison of once-weekly versus twice-weekly administration of etanercept in biologics-naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

Objectives The twice-weekly administration of 25 mg of etanercept (TW) has been shown to be effective in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the once-weekly administration of 25 mg of etanercept (OW) was tried in order to address the economic burden of anti-rheumatic biologics. We evaluated the clinical and radiographic results from a 2-year follow-up study of patients receiving OW or TW.

Methods Sixty-three biologics-naive patients with RA were randomly assigned to receive either OW (n = 42) or TW (n = 21).

Results From baseline to year 2, rates of clinical remission, according to the Disease Activity Score of 28 joints (DAS-28) (based on C-reactive protein; CRP)–with clinical remission being regarded as a DAS-28 (CRP) score of <2.3–were significantly improved in the OW group (from 1.6 to 39.0%) and in the TW group (from 9.5 to 47.6%), but no significant between-group difference was observed at year 2. Radiographic joint damage, quantified with the modified Sharp score, was significantly progressive in the OW group in contrast to findings in the TW group. Thus, among patients receiving TW therapy, the progression of joint damage may have been inhibited or may have shown remission.

Conclusions These results suggest that, in terms of DAS-28 remission, OW therapy can efficiently substitute for TW therapy in biologics-naive patients with RA. However, TW therapy was indispensable in preventing the worsening of joint damage.