Genetic analysis of the relationships between behavioral and neuroendocrine traits in roman high and low avoidance rat lines

In order to determine whether the coselection observed between the selection trait (active avoidance behavior) of the Roman High Avoidance (RHA) and Roman Low Avoidance (RLA) rat lines and their neuroendocrine characteristics were genetically determined, we analyzed, in nonsegregating (RHA, RLA, and F₁) and segregating (F₂ and the two backcrosses) crosses, the inheritance pattern and the phenotypic correlations among behavioral (shuttle-box behavior), physiological (body, adrenal, and thymus weights), and neuroendocrine (corticosterone and prolactin reactivity, catecholamine enzyme activities) variables. Physiological characteristics and enzyme activities have acrucial role in sex dissociation. Avoidance behavior and prolactin reactivity to novel environment remained associated in segregating crosses despite gene rearrangement. They represented the most important variables to differentiate the Roman lines, perhaps sharing a common regulatory mechanism under genetic control.     

视屏暴露和户外活动与幼儿睡眠的关联研究

目的 分析视屏暴露和户外活动与幼儿睡眠的相关性,为预防和干预儿童睡眠问题提供科学依据。方法 基于已建立的马鞍山市母婴健康出生队列,对2015年6月—2016年6月出生的单胎活产儿,随访至2岁,收集社会人口统计学、视屏暴露、户外活动和睡眠情况的资料。共获得有效问卷1 575份,男童833人,女童742人。使用χ²检验和Logistic回归模型对数据进行分析。结果 幼儿睡眠质量差的发生率为26.16%;电视打开时间(不一定在看)≥2 h/d、看电视≥1 h/d、玩手机≥30 min/d分别占50.73%、45.21%和26.03%,户外活动≥2 h/d的比例为71.30%;去户外场所的频率≥2次/周和在户外场所≥1 h/次的比例分别为76.31%和37.71%。调整人口统计学等混杂因素后,打开电视时间(不一定在看电视)≥2 h/d(OR=1.40,95%CI:1.11～1.77)、看电视时间≥1 h/d(OR=1.39,95%CI:1.11～1.75)、玩手机时间≥30 min/d(OR=1.55,95%CI:1.21～1.99)均会增加幼儿睡眠质量差发生的风险;去户外场所的频率≥2次/周(OR=0.72,95%CI:0.55～0.93)和在户外场所时间≥1 h/次(OR=0.78,95%CI:0.62～0.99)则能降低发生幼儿睡眠质量差的风险。结论 幼儿睡眠问题存在一定比例,视屏暴露和户外活动均与幼儿睡眠相关,在儿童保健门诊中应对家长进行科学指导,减少视屏暴露时间,增加户外活动,以减少儿童睡眠问题的发生。     

品管圈对精神分裂症患者约束率及护理满意度的影响

目的总结和分析精神分裂症患者的护理中采用品管圈活动的临床效果。方法以本院于2017年8月—2019年6月收治的122例精神分裂症患者为研究对象,随机分为品管圈组和常规护理组,各61例。其中常规护理组患者选择传统的常规护理方法,而品管圈组患者则采取品管圈活动。比较两组患者的护理效果,对比指标主要有患者的约束率和护理满意度。结果品管圈组患者各项评价指标均优于常规护理组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者采用品管圈活动的总体临床效果较好,可提高患者的约束率,总体满意度高。     

全国细菌耐药监测网2014—2019年尿标本细菌耐药监测报告

目的探讨全国尿标本分离细菌菌种分布及耐药变迁。方法按照全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)技术方案,应用WHONET5.6软件对2014—2019年所有CARSS成员单位上报的尿标本分离细菌及药敏结果数据进行分析。结果男性患者尿标本分离细菌居前5位者分别为大肠埃希菌(33.1%~34.6%)、粪肠球菌(9.2%~10.2%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(9.0%~9.4%)、屎肠球菌(7.8%~10.2%)和铜绿假单胞菌(5.6%~6.9%),女性患者尿标本分离细菌居前5位者分别为大肠埃希菌(57.0%~57.4%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(7.5%~8.3%)、屎肠球菌(6.8%~8.7%)、粪肠球菌(5.5%~6.0%)和奇异变形杆菌(3.3%~3.5%)。男性和女性患者尿标本分离粪肠球菌对氨苄西林和呋喃妥因耐药率分别<12%和7%,对万古霉素耐药率<3%;屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星耐药率均为90%左右,对万古霉素耐药率<4%。大肠埃希菌对头孢曲松耐药率>47%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、呋喃妥因耐药率≤8%,对于β-内酰胺类耐药率男性比女性高,其中头孢曲松的耐药率高12个百分点左右。男性患者分离肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢曲松耐药率为58%左右,女性患者耐药率为45%左右。男性和女性患者尿标本分离铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率均<14%,对碳青霉烯类耐药率为15%左右。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和米诺环素耐药率分别<27%和22%,对碳青霉烯类耐药率,男性为31.7%~47.7%,女性为26.5%~41.2%。结论尿标本分离细菌在不同性别构成上有所不同,且部分肠杆菌目细菌耐药率不同性别间也有一定差异,不同年度间部分细菌的耐药率也有一定变化。尿标本分离细菌的耐药监测,可为尿路感染抗菌药物合理应用提供参考数据。     

全国细菌耐药监测网2014-2019年粪便标本细菌耐药监测报告

 目的 了解全国粪便标本分离病原菌的菌群分布及耐药情况。方法 从2014-2019年全国细菌耐药监测网报告中提取粪便标本的相关数据（去除肠道正常定植菌群）,分析肠道致病菌及其耐药率的变迁。结果 共分离菌株61 809株,居前3位的是沙门菌属（82.12%）、志贺菌属（8.08%）、弧菌属（4.03%）,沙门菌属在每年粪便标本致病菌中占绝对优势,均在70%以上,以2018年占比最高（87.16%）。6年间居前6位的致病菌菌种无变化,仅菌种构成比每年略有变化,沙门菌属呈上升趋势,志贺菌属呈下降趋势。各菌属分别以未分型沙门菌（49.39%）、福氏志贺菌（46.64%）,副溶血弧菌（91.20%）、嗜水气单胞菌（55.80%）、肠致病性大肠埃希菌（85.02%）为主。肠道致病菌对氨苄西林耐药率均较高,其中志贺菌属和致腹泻性大肠埃希菌（>90%）高于沙门菌属和弧菌属。沙门菌对左氧氟沙星耐药率较低,但呈上升趋势,由低于3%上升至10%左右;志贺菌属对环丙沙星耐药率2016年较低（29.9%）;除氨苄西林外,弧菌属对其他抗菌药物耐药率均较低（<6%）;气单胞菌属出现了耐碳青霉烯类菌株,气单胞菌属和致腹泻性大肠埃希菌对阿米卡星耐药率较低。结论 细菌性腹泻的病原菌种类较多,以沙门菌属和志贺菌属为主,耐药情况较为严重,且不同菌属、菌种之间差异较大,应继续加强抗菌药物合理应用的管理及医院感染防控,做好耐药菌监测工作。     

户外活动时间与学龄前文化课学习情况对中小学生视力不良的交互作用

目的 分析户外活动时间与学龄前参加文化课学习情况的交互作用与中小学生视力不良的关系,为制定防控中小学生视力不良的策略和措施提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样法于2018年9-11月在湖南省抽取8 467名小学四年级到高中三年级学生进行体格检查和问卷调查。相乘交互作用建立多因素Logistic回归模型,并计算交互作用超额危险度(RERI)、交互作用归因比(API)及交互作用指数 S (Index S)探讨户外活动时间与学龄前文化课学习对视力不良的相加交互作用。结果 8 467名调查对象中视力不良检出人数为5 612名,检出率为66.28%。学龄前参加过文化课学习者,视力不良的发生风险是不参加学习者的1.500倍(95%CI:1.331~1.689,P<0.001),每日户外活动<2 h的学生发生视力不良的风险是每日户外活动≥2 h者的1.247倍(95%CI:1.103~1.409,P<0.001)。户外活动时间与学龄前文化课学习的交互作用项具有统计学意义(P_交互=0.003)。在调整相关因素后,户外活动时间与学龄前文化课学习的RERI、API、Index S分别为0.529、0.310、3.973。结论 中小学生户外活动时间、学龄前文化课学习均与视力不良发生风险相关,并两者对视力不良有交互作用。因此,应加强学龄前儿童的户外活动,以预防视力不良发生。     

The Protective Roles of Exercise and Maintenance of Daily Living Routines for Chinese Adolescents During the COVID-19 Quarantine Period

PurposeAdolescents are particularly vulnerable during the COVID-19 quarantine periods and may be at risk for developing psychological distress symptoms that extend beyond a crisis, including depression. This study examined adolescents’ postquarantine depressive symptoms associated with pandemic stressors. The primary aim was to identify potential protective factors that may buffer the association between the presence of COVID-19 cases in adolescents’ communities and their postquarantine depressive symptoms.MethodsAdolescents from public schools were recruited from Zhengzhou city, Henan, China (N = 1,487, M_age=13.14 years, 50% girls). Adolescents reported the presence of confirmed or suspected COVID-19 cases in their communities, their daily activities and routines during the 2-month quarantine period, and depressive symptoms after the quarantine period.ResultsThe presence of cases in adolescents’ communities during the quarantine contributed to more depressive symptoms in adolescents after the quarantine. This association was buffered by adolescents’ spending more time on physical activities and better maintenance of daily living routines during the quarantine period. The presence of community infection was also more strongly associated with depressive symptoms in older adolescents.ConclusionsThe presence of COVID-19 cases in communities contributed to adolescents’ poorer mental health, and the association was stronger for older adolescents. Spending time on physical activities and maintaining daily living routines during the quarantine appear to be practical strategies that can be used by adolescents to mitigate the association between pandemic stressors and their diminishing mental health.     

Natural language processing and entrustable professional activity text feedback in surgery: A machine learning model of resident autonomy

BackgroundEntrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) contain narrative ‘entrustment roadmaps’ designed to describe specific behaviors associated with different entrustment levels. However, these roadmaps were created using expert committee consensus, with little data available for guidance. Analysis of actual EPA assessment narrative comments using natural language processing may enhance our understanding of resident entrustment in actual practice.MethodsAll text comments associated with EPA microassessments at a single institution were combined. EPA—entrustment level pairs (e.g. Gallbladder Disease—Level 1) were identified as documents. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), a common machine learning algorithm, was used to identify latent topics in the documents associated with a single EPA. These topics were then reviewed for interpretability by human raters.ResultsOver 18 months, 1015 faculty EPA microassessments were collected from 64 faculty for 80 residents. LDA analysis identified topics that mapped 1:1 to EPA entrustment levels (Gammas >0.99). These LDA topics appeared to trend coherently with entrustment levels (words demonstrating high entrustment were consistently found in high entrustment topics, word demonstrating low entrustment were found in low entrustment topics).ConclusionsLDA is capable of identifying topics relevant to progressive surgical entrustment and autonomy in EPA comments. These topics provide insight into key behaviors that drive different level of resident autonomy and may allow for data-driven revision of EPA entrustment maps.     

Setting standards of performance expected in neurosurgery residency: A study on entrustable professional activities in competency-based medical education

BackgroundCompetency-based medical education requires evaluations of residents’ performances of tasks of the discipline (ie. entrustable professional activities (EPAs)). Using neurosurgical Faculty perspectives, this study investigated whether a sample of neurosurgical EPAs accurately reflected the expectations of general neurosurgical practice.MethodA questionnaire was sent to all Canadian neurosurgery Faculty using a SurveyMonkey® platform.ResultsThe proportion of respondents who believed the EPAs were representative of general neurosurgery competences varied significantly across all EPAs [47%–100%] (p < 0.0001). For 9/15 proposed EPAs, ≥75% agreed they were appropriate for general neurosurgery training and expected residents to attain the highest standard of performance. However, a range of 27–53% of the respondents felt the other six EPAs would be more appropriate for fellowship training and thus, require a lower standard of performance from graduating residents.ConclusionThe shift towards subspecialization in neurosurgery has implications for curriculum design, delivery and certification of graduating residents.     

Dark Tea: A popular beverage with possible medicinal application

Tea is a famous beverage that is produced from leaves of Camellia sinensis. Amongst the six major tea categories in China, dark tea is the only one that involves microbial fermentation in the manufacturing process, which contributes unique flavors and functions for the tea. In the recent decade, the reports about the biofunctions of dark teas have increased rapidly. Therefore it may be the proper time to consider dark tea as one potential homology of medicine and food. In this viewpoint, our current understanding of the chemical constituents, biological activities and possible health beneficial effects of dark teas were introduced. Some future directions and challenges to the development perspectives of dark teas were also discussed.