Mortality in patients with diabetic neuropathic osteoarthropathy (Charcot foot).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the mortality of a population of patients diagnosed with Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy managed by a single specialist unit and to compare the results with a control population. METHODS: We have undertaken a retrospective analysis of all cases of Charcot foot on the comprehensive database which has been maintained at the specialist diabetic foot clinic at the City Hospital, Nottingham since 1982. Survival and the incidence of amputation (major and minor) was compared with a control population referred with uncomplicated neuropathic ulceration. Controls were individually matched for gender, age (+/-2 years), disease type, disease duration (+/-2 years) and year of referral (+/-3 years). RESULTS: Forty-seven cases (21 female, 26 male) of Charcot foot were identified, of whom 18 (38.3%) had Type 1 diabetes. Mean age and disease duration at presentation were 59.2 +/- 13.4 (sd) and 16.2 +/- 11.2 years, compared with 59.7 +/- 12.6 and 16.3 +/- 11.2 years, respectively, in the controls. Twenty-one (44.7%) of those with Charcot had died, after a mean interval of 3.7 +/- 2.8 years. This compared with 16 (34.0%) after a mean 3.1 +/- 2.7 years in the control group. Mean duration of follow-up in the survivors was 4.7 +/- 4.9 years (Charcot) and 5.3 +/- 3.9 years (controls). A total of 11 (23.4%) Charcot patients had had a major amputation on the side of the index lesion, compared with five (10.6%) controls. There was no difference between the two groups (P > 0.05, Chi-square). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality in this group of patients with Charcot foot was higher than expected. Nevertheless, there was no difference between those with Charcot and those with uncomplicated neuropathic ulceration. It is possible that it is neuropathy, rather than Charcot osteoarthropathy, which is independently associated with increased mortality in diabetes. The mechanism underlying any such association is not known. There is a need for a formal, prospective, multicentre study to investigate the life expectancy and cardiovascular risk of those with Charcot osteoarthropathy.     

应用足底内侧皮瓣修复足跟部软组织缺损

目的探讨应用足底内侧皮瓣转移修复足跟部软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法应用足底内侧皮瓣转移修复15例深达跟骨的足跟部软组织缺损。结果15例皮瓣移植后均成活,术后随访3~12个月,所有皮瓣外形和感觉均恢复良好。结论足底内侧皮瓣修复足跟部深度软组织缺损效果较好。     

糖尿病大鼠膀胱储尿期功能改变的实验研究

目的 研究糖尿病膀胱病变(Diabetic cystopathy，DCP)储尿期尿动力学特征及膀胱感觉功能障碍，为阐明DCP的发病机制提供实验依据。方法 分别以链脲佐菌素(STZ)、蔗糖诱导制作大鼠DCP模型及利尿模型，正常大鼠作对照。采用免疫组化结合图像分析技术观察膀胱感觉神经递质CGRP及其纤维改变；制备离体全膀胱，作膀胱灌注测压观察膀胱顺应性改变；放免法测定逼尿肌舒张信号转导分子cAMP。结果 DCP8周时，膀胱壁尤其是粘膜下层的CGRP及其神经纤维明显减少；离体膀胱测压显示糖尿病膀胱顺应性升高；膀胱舒张作用明显弱于对照组和利尿组，逼尿肌cAMP含量显著低于后者。结论 ①DCP对膀胱功能的损害是多方面的：CGRP为主要递质的粘膜下层膀胱容量感觉纤维明显减少，膀胱顺应性改变是DCP的致病机制之一。②DCP早期即已发生储尿期功能障碍，并且可能是膀胱收缩功能损伤的因素。③非糖尿病性利尿状态(多尿)对膀胱功能构成一定的损害作用，但不是DCP形成的主要原因。提示临床上对糖尿病患者作必要的尿动力学检查能较早发现DCP，有助于保护膀胱功能。     

Kkay小鼠糖尿病肾病时ICAM-1的表达

目的:观察糖尿病肾病时(DN)细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)表达的变化。方法:22～24周龄:Kkay糖尿病鼠(KA)7只和Kkay非糖尿病鼠(KB)8只,测定血糖,以PAS染色观察各组:DN病变;对肾脏ICAM-1表达进行免疫组化染色和半定量图像分析;并以RT-PCR检测。肾脏ICAM-1 mRNA表达水平。结果:KA组出现明显糖尿病肾脏病变,其肾小球硬化指数(GI)240.00,明显高于KB对照组(118.36,P<0.05);免疫组化显示Kkay小鼠ICAM-1的表达与病理变化一致,其ICAM-1阳性着色面积(15.22％)高于对照组(4.38％,P<0.01),KA组ICAM-1 mRNA表达水平也高于KB组。结论:Kkay小鼠出现糖尿病肾病时伴有ICAM-1表达水平的增高,推测ICAM-1在糖尿病肾病发生发展中起一定作用。     

Intravenous drug abuse and Type 1 diabetes: financial and healthcare implications.

AIMS: To determine the morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs of intravenous drug-abusing patients with Type 1 diabetes (IVDA-DM), who are admitted to hospital. METHODS: Retrospective case note analysis of admissions, complications and cost estimation over a 6-year period. Each drug-abusing patient (IVDA-DM) (n = 9) was compared with two controls (n = 18) with Type 1 diabetes but without a history of intravenous drug abuse (DM-controls). Admissions were also analysed for patients with intravenous drug abuse, but without Type 1 diabetes (IVDA-controls) (n = 198). Admissions were at a University teaching hospital in Liverpool, UK. DM-controls were drawn from a population attending diabetes outpatient clinics between 1997 and 2002 at the same hospital. The main outcome measures were: the duration and healthcare costs of hospital admissions per year, outpatient attendances per year, glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)), weight, micro- and macrovascular complications and mortality. RESULTS: Multiple admissions, mainly related to ketoacidosis, led to marked differences in mean (95% CI) inpatient days per year per patient [IVDA-DM 28.1 (13.6-42.7) vs. DM-control 1.1 (0.2-1.9); P < 0.0001], mean inpatient days per year per patient in critical care bed (IVDA-DM 1.7 (-0.7-4.2) vs. DM-control 0; P < 0.02) and mean costs of admission, per patient per year (pound sterling 7320 vs. pound sterling 230). The IVDA-DM group frequently omitted insulin, were underweight, failed to attend as outpatients and five had died by the end of 2002. The IVDA-controls spent considerably less time in hospital [3.4 (2.8-3.9) days per patient per year]. CONCLUSION: IVDA-DM patients have higher rates of diabetes complications, are admitted more frequently and have a high mortality compared with DM and IVDA-controls. The cost of inpatient care of this small group of patients was considerable.     

肝硬化患者胰岛素释放试验的临床意义

本文报道46例肝硬化患者口服葡萄糖胰岛素释放试验的结果,并与18名正常人和18名原发性糖尿病患者比较。肝硬化患者糖耐量减低者28例(60.9％),其中29例(43.5％)呈糖尿病型耐量曲线。胰岛素释放高峰值在服糖后2h;释放过多和分泌延迟者32例(69.6％),降低者4例(8.7％)。20例肝源性糖尿病患者的胰岛素释放指数明显高于原发性糖尿患者。笔者认为血浆胰岛素和胰岛素释放指数测定对鉴别这两种类型的糖尿病有很大价值。     

A study of factors governing fluid filtration in the diabetic foot

Abstract. The effect of lowering the foot on the factors governing fluid filtration in the foot were studied in 12 male insulin-dependent diabetic subjects and 10 controls. Toe skin blood flow, measured by laser Doppler flowmetry, was significantly higher during dependency in the diabetic group. In the control subjects, the colloid osmotic pressure of venous blood sampled from the foot rose to 47·7 mmHg (range 45·1–53·8) after 50 min of foot dependency. In the diabetic group, colloid osmotic pressure failed to rise to the same extent (median 36·7 mmHg; range 28·6–43·0; P < 0·001). Capillary pressure, measured directly by the Landis microinjection technique, was significantly higher in the diabetic group (85·3±1·7 ( n = 6) vs. 92·2±4·6 cm H₂O ( n = 6); P < 0·007), as was foot swelling rate determined by mercury strain gauge plethysmography (0·069±0·022 vs. 0·099±0·025 ml min^-1 100ml^-1; P < 0·02). These results suggest an impairment of the oedema-preventing mechanisms in diabetic subjects which may contribute to the risks of ulceration in the diabetic foot.     

Aldose reductase inhibition with imirestat — effects on impulse conduction and insulin-stimulation of Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase activity in sciatic nerves of streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Summary This study describes reduced motor nerve conduction velocity and increased resistance to hypoxia-induced conduction failure in sciatic nerves of rats after four weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes (both effects were significant at p <0.05). These changes occurred in the absence of any deficit in the steady-state ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of sciatic nerve endoneurial homogenates. The addition of 10 nmol/l insulin to endoneurial homogenates from control animals resulted in a 34% increase in ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity and a 19% reduction in ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity (both p <0.01). This stimulation of ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity by insulin did not occur in homogenates from diabetic rats. Treating diabetic rats daily with the aldose reductase inhibitor, imirestat (1 mg/kg) improved nerve conduction velocity (p <0.05) but was without effect upon the resistance to hypoxic conduction blockade or the deficit in insulin-stimulated oubain-sensitive ATPase activity. These data suggest that in streptozotocin-diabetic rats the functional disorders of reduced motor nerve conduction velocity and increased resistance to hypoxic conduction blockade do not share a common aetiology and that impaired nerve conduction is not related to reduced maximal potential oubain-sensitive ATPase activity.     

胰激肽原酶治疗糖尿病足38例疗效分析

目的 观察胰激肽原酶改善微循环干预治疗糖尿病足的疗效。方法 选择38例确诊为糖尿病足的患者，结合下肢血管多普勒超声显像、肌电图、血液流变学检测，确定疗效。结果 胰激肽原酶治疗后，肢体影色多普勒超声显像显示下肢血管血流明显加快(P＜0．01)；神经电生理异常均有不同程度改善；血液粘度明显下降(P＜0．01)；足部症状明显缓解。结论 胰激肽原酶是一种干预糖尿病足进展的有效药物。