Compression or distraction of the anterior cruciate injured knee

100 consecutive patients with a recent anterior cruciate ligament injury were examined with respect to type of sports activity that caused the injury, mechanism of injury and the occurrence of collateral ligament and meniscal lesions. There were 53 medial collateral ligament injuries, 12 medial, 35 lateral and 11 bicompartmental meniscal lesions. 59 patients were injured during contact sports, 30 in downhill skiing and 11 in other recreational activities, traffic accidents or at work. An associated medial collateral, ligament tear was more common in skiing (22/30) than during contact sports (23/59), whereas a bicompartmental meniscal lesion was found more frequently in contact sports (9/59) than in skiing (0/30). Weightbearing was reported by 56/59 of the patients with contact sports injuries and by 8/30 of those with skiing injuries. Non-weightbearing in the injury situation led to the same rate of MCL tears (18/28) as those reporting weightbearing (35/72) but significantly more intact menisci (19/28 vs 23/72). Thus, contact sports injuries were more often sustained during weightbearing, with a resultant joint compression of both femuro-tibial compartments as shown by the higher incidence of bicompartmental meniscal lesions. This might be an important prognostic factor for future joint disease and arthrosis. The classic unhappy triad was a rare finding (8/100) and we suggest that this entity should be replaced by the unhappy compression injury.     

Effect of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury of the Knee on Bone Mineral Density of the Spine and Affected Lower Extremity: A Prospective One-Year Follow-Up Study

The objective of this 1-year prospective follow-up study was to assess, with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), the effect of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury of the knee on areal bone mineral density (BMD) of the injured extremity and lumbar spine in two separate patient groups: 21 surgically treated patients (group A) and 12 conservatively treated patients (group B). Clinical and functional status of the patients and BMD of the spine (L2–L4), dominant distal radius, femoral neck, trochanter area of the femur, distal femur, patella, proximal tibia, and calcaneus of both lower extremities were determined at the time of the injury and after 4, 8, and 12 months. A surgically treated, complete ACL rupture (group A) resulted in considerable and statistically significant bone loss to the affected knee (distal femur 21%, patella 17%, proximal tibia 14%; P < 0.001 in each), whereas the other sites were clearly less affected. Patients with a conservatively treated, complete or partial ACL injury (group B) had only a small but statistically significant bone loss at the patella (−3%; P= 0.005) and proximal tibia (−2%; P= 0.022) of the injured knee, and the other sites remained unchanged. The obvious differences between the groups A and B in the severity of the injury itself (complete or partial tear), its treatment (surgical or conservative), and subsequent rehabilitation (longer nonweight-bearing times in group A) explain these different BMD results, and the forthcoming years will show whether the considerable posttraumatic osteoporosis in the affected knee of group A patients will finally recover, and if so, to what extent. Received: 16 June 1998 / Accepted: 6 October 1998     

Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer

Proprioceptive training has been shown to reduce the incidence of ankle sprains in different sports. It can also improve rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries whether treated operatively or nonoperatively. Since ACL injuries lead to long absence from sports and are one of the main causes of permanent sports disability, it is essential to try to prevent them. In a prospective controlled study of 600 soccer players in 40 semiprofessional or amateur teams, we studied the possible preventive effect of a gradually increasing proprioceptive training on four different types of wobble-boards during three soccer seasons. Three hundred players were instructed to train 20 min per day with 5 different phases of increasing difficulty. The first phase consisted of balance training without any balance board; phase 2 of training on a rectangular balance board; phase 3 of training on a round board; phase 4 of training on a combined round and rectangular board; phase 5 of training on a so-called BABS board. A control group of 300 players from other, comparable teams trained normally and received no special balance training. Both groups were observed for three whole soccer seasons, and possible ACL lesions were diagnosed by clinical examination, KT-1000 measurements, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, and arthroscopy. We found an incidence of 1.15 ACL injuries per team per year in the control group and 0.15 injuries per team per year in the proprioceptively trained group (P<0.001). Proprioceptive training can thus significantly reduce the incidence of ACL injuries in soccer players.     

Comparison of augmented and non-augmented anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction combined with high tibial osteotomy

In a follow-up study 27 patients were evaluated after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL-)reconstruction combined with high tibial osteotomy because of chronic rupture of the ACL, cartilaginous lesions of the medial compartment and varus malalignment. They were divided into two groups. In 14 patients (non-LAD group) ACL reconstruction was performed using the central third of the autologous patellar tendon modified according to Eriksson-Trillat. Thirteen patients (LAD group) underwent repair with the same technique, but a Kennedy ligament augmentation device (LAD) in hot dog technique and fixed over the top was added. The postoperative treatment was the same in both groups. All patients were examined according to IKDC criteria. KT-1000 arthrometer testing at maximum manual traction was performed. Although the mean follow-up interval was more than double in the non-LAD group (non-LAD: 127 months vs LAD: 58 months), the subjective and clinical results, IKDC evaluation and KT-1000 arthrometer testing results were similar, showing no statistically significant difference. Further, no complications due to the use of LAD occurred. In this study no evident functional or clinical advantage from the augmentation performed could be shown.Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Basle, Switzerland. No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. Funds were received in total or partial support of the research or clinical study presented in this article. The funding sources were SUVA Assurance, Lucerne, and the science fund of the University Hospital Basle     

纵断体层摄影在膝关节前后十字韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折诊断中的应用

对膝关节前后十字韧带胫骨止点骨折，常因关节周围骨骼影像重叠使其显影不清而影响诊断。通过11例该类损伤患者的X线平片及纵断作层片的分析比较，认为纵断体层摄影可清晰显示关节内骨折的形状、大小、范围，获得完整的骨折分层像，从而有利于临床分型，对骨折的诊断及指导治疗有较大的应用价值。     

关节镜下同种异体髌腱组织重建膝前交叉韧带的初步临床研究

目的　探讨关节镜下应用异体髌腱 (骨 腱 骨组织 ,BPTB)重建膝关节前交叉韧带 (an teriorcruciateligament,ACL)的方法及初步临床疗效。 方法　关节镜下应用深低温冷冻异体BPTB移植重建ACL 8例。对手术时间、手术切口及术后体温恢复、ACL体征、X ray检查分析手术疗效 ;术后关节屈曲度及Lysholm Ⅱ评分评定膝关节功能。结果　关节镜下应用异体BPTB重建ACL切口小 ,手术时间短 ,术后 5d内体温恢复正常 ,无一例感染及免疫排斥现象。平均随访时间 4个月 (2～ 6个月 ) ,所有患者症状均有缓解 ,前抽屉试验 ( ) (anteriordrawertest,ADT) ,Lachman( ) ,X ray检查界面螺钉在位 ,未见骨道异常 ;术后 2周平均屈曲度可至 10 5°(80°～ 130°) ,术后 2个月膝关节平均屈曲度可达 12 0°(10 0°～ 130°) ,术前Lysholm Ⅱ评分平均 38 5分 (2 4～ 5 0分 ) ,术后 2个月Lysholm Ⅱ评分平均 88分 (76～ 97分 )。结论　应用深低温冷冻异体髌腱重建ACL可减少手术创伤 ,早期即可有效改善膝关节功能 ,是一种可行的重建ACL的方法 ,远期疗效尚需进一步的观察。     

关节镜下半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的总结膝关节镜下半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带的方法及疗效,分析其优、缺点。方法2004年1月～2005年10月应用半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱和微型纽扣钢板重建前交叉韧带22例,术前和术后进行Lachman试验评估膝关节的稳定性,用Lysholm评分方法评定膝关节功能。结果随访6～24个月,平均(16.0±10.3)个月,术前Lachman试验均为阳性,术后20例为阴性,2例为阳性,术前、术后比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=42.50,P<0.01);术前Lysholm评分40～85分,平均(56.36±10.20)分,术后70～100分,平均(92.76±11.20)分。术后膝关节功能有明显改善(t=3.14,P<0.01)。结论半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱和微型纽扣钢板重建前交叉韧带具有移植物强大、操作简单、并发症少、近期疗效满意等优点。     

前交叉韧带损伤MRI诊断价值与治疗方案选择的初步研究

目的探讨MRI对膝关节前交叉韧带损伤的诊断价值以及对治疗方法选择的指导意义。方法195例怀疑膝关节损伤的关节镜手术患者，术前MRI除常规斜矢状位、冠状位及横断面序列扫描外，加扫斜冠状位序列，通过分析斜矢状位及斜冠状住图像作出稳定型前交叉韧带（纤维束低度部分损伤或未受损）和非稳定型前交叉韧带（纤维束高度部分损伤或完全损伤）的判断，并将MRI诊断结果与关节镜下所见进行对比。结果关节镜检查发现非稳定型前交叉韧带81例，全部行关节镜下骨-髌腱-骨（B-T—B）重建手术治疗，MRI检查共诊断出非稳定型前交叉韧带82例，以关节镜诊断为标准，其中真阳性数77例，假阳性数5例，MRI诊断前交叉韧带非稳定型的准确性、敏感性和特异性分别为95．4％、95．1％、95．6％。结论MR能较准确地诊断膝关节前交叉韧带损伤程度，把前交叉韧带损伤划分为稳定型和非稳定型后，取代以往正常、部分及完全损伤的划分，能提高诊断敏感性，并为临床制订治疗方案提供依据，更有实际意义。     

可调节带袢锁扣钛板-自体半腱肌肌腱全内重建前交叉韧带断裂的效果

 目的 探讨可调节带袢锁扣钛板-自体半腱肌肌腱全内重建膝关节前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)断裂的可行性、优缺点及并发症。方法 选择2014-07至2015-07应用可调节带袢锁扣钛板-自体半腱肌肌腱全内重建膝关节ACL断裂47例。2～6周,关节镜下应用可调节带袢锁扣钛板-自体半腱肌肌腱全内重建膝关节ACL断裂,伴发内侧副韧带损伤,用股薄肌肌腱修复或直接缝合。取同侧半腱肌肌腱,修整后将肌腱移植物对折成4股,并与可调节带袢锁扣钛板相连,移植物长度为6～6.5 cm,直径为7～9 mm。在ACL胫骨侧、股骨侧印迹定位并用倒打钻钻孔,制作骨隧道,经前内侧入路将肌腱移植物牵入骨道,并两侧逐步锁紧线环,将胫骨向后复位,将钛板固定在骨皮质上。根据重建手术前、后膝关节前抽屉实验、Lachman 试验、侧方挤压实验、IKDC 膝关节功能评价表、 Lysholm 评分对患者进行主观和客观评分,以评定疗效。结果 本组47例随访2～3年,平均随访时间为2.1年。末次随访时,患者膝关节疼痛、肿胀、屈伸活动受限等症状明显改善,前抽屉实验(-),Lachman试验(-),IKDC膝关节功能评分、Lysholm评分较重建前明显提高。膝关节屈曲达115°～130°;膝关节IKDC评分结果:正常41例(87.2%),接近正常4例(8.5%),异常2例(4.3%);膝关节功能Lysholm评分:术前(51.4±5.4)分,术后(92.2±4.6)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 应用可调节带袢锁扣钛板-自体半腱肌肌腱全内重建膝关节ACL,创伤小,能恢复膝关节的稳定性,功能恢复良好,疗效确切。