不同移植物重建前交叉韧带疗效比较

目的:比较分别采用自体骨-髌腱-骨(BPB)、四股腘绳肌腱、异体骨-髌腱-骨关节镜下重建膝关节前交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法:选择2006年1月至2010年1月期间获得完整随访的单纯前交叉韧带损伤患者159例,按照移植物不同分为3组:自体腘绳肌腱组、自体骨-髌腱-骨组和异体骨-髌腱-骨组。回顾性分析三组患者术前、术后一般情况,膝关节活动度(ROM)、膝关节稳定性、Lysholm评分及IKDC评分。结果:三组手术前后各项指标有显著差异(P<0.05);术后膝关节活动度(ROM)、膝关节稳定性、Lysholm评分及IKDC评分三组之间未见明显差异(P>0.05);自体骨-髌腱-骨组髌前疼痛发生率为13.89%,显著高于自体腘绳肌腱组和异体骨-髌腱-骨组(P<0.05);异体骨-髌腱-骨组术后需行关节穿刺病例的比率显著高于自体腘绳肌腱组和自体骨-髌腱-骨组(P<0.05),异体骨-髌腱-骨组有1例发生严重感染。结论:三种方法重建前交叉韧带的近期疗效相近,均可以作为前交叉韧带重建选择的移植物;若考虑患者髌前疼痛及感染等情况,自体腘绳肌腱移植物有优势。三种移植物重建前交叉韧带的远期效果还有待进一步研究。     

海军飞行员关节镜下重建前交叉韧带的医学鉴定

目的 介绍海军飞行员前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤患者采用自体4股半腱肌腱+股薄肌腱重建ACL的手术方法 及远期疗效. 方法 关节镜下以自体4股半腱肌腱+股薄肌腱为ACL重建替代物,保留少许ACL残端作为定位标志物,对11例ACL损伤飞行员行重建术. 结果 术后11例飞行员膝关节活动度均恢复至正常范围,无韧带撞击现象,前抽屉试验阴性,Lachman试验均小于I度.Lysholm评分由术前的平均49.1分提高到术后的平均87.5分,差异具有显著性意义(t=8.335,P<0.01).膝关节功能优良率术前与术后比较,差异具有显著性意义(X<'2>=6.793,P<0.01).11例飞行员中8例飞行合格,2例飞行暂不合格,1例飞行不合格. 结论 关节镜下自体4股半腱肌腱+股薄肌腱重建ACL是恢复膝关节稳定性较好的方法 ,关节镜下重建ACL是ACL损伤飞行员较为理想的手术方式,其创伤较小、卧床时间短、远期疗效较好.     

自体胭绳肌腱与同种异体胫前肌腱重建前交叉韧带的对照研究

目的观察自体胭绳肌腱与同种异体移植物关节镜下重建膝关节前交叉韧带（ACL）的疗效与差异。方法将54例ACL损伤患者分为2组,自体胭绳肌腱移植组33例,同种异体肌腱移植组21例,均采用美国强生公司生产的Rigidfix及Intrafix系统固定,评价项目包括手术时间、发热天数、大腿周径患健侧比值、Lachman试验、中立位前抽屉试验（ADT）和国际膝关节评分委员会（IKDC）、Lysholm及Tegner评分。结果两组患者术后膝关节稳定性均较术前得到明显好转,除手术时间外,物理检查及功能评分差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论关节镜下自体及同种异体肌腱重建ACL都有较好的疗效,可根据患者的病情及主观要求灵活选择。     

关节镜下4股半腱肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带部分损伤

目的 介绍关节镜下单束蕈建增强治疗前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)后外侧束部分损伤方法 ,探讨其临床效果. 方法 对26例单纯ACL后外侧柬部分损伤患者,在关节镜下采用自体半腱肌腱进行单束解剖重建.按照国际膝关节评分委员会(internationalknee documentation committee,IKDC)和Lysholm膝关节功能评分表对患膝功能进行评估,通过KT-1000检查比较膝关节的前向松弛度. 结果 术后无活动受限,屈膝活动度130°～150°,平均142°.术后随访12～18个月,最后随访时IKDC评分为A级25例(96%),B级1例(4%);IKDC评分从术前的(71.4±3.7)分提高到随访结束时的(95.8±3.4)分(t=9.836,P<0.01).屈膝25°位KT-1000检查,双侧膝关节胫骨结节前移差异从术前的(5.1±1.2)mm减少到终末随访的(2.1±1.3)mm(t=10.48,P<0.01).患者术前Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(76.7±3.2)分,终末随访时为(95.7±2.4)分(t=7.356,P<0.01). 结论 在关节镜下采用自体半腱肌腱单束解剖重建增强治疗ACL后外侧束部分损伤,能取得良好效果.     

关节镜下TightRope环扎固定治疗前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折的疗效评估

目的 探讨关节镜下TightRope环扎内固定治疗前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament, ACL)胫骨止点撕脱性骨折的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2018年5月—2020年6月上海市松江区中心医院骨科收治的ACL胫骨止点撕脱骨折患者26例，男性18例，女性8例；年龄13～37岁，平均18.9岁；运动伤16例，道路交通伤6例，摔伤4例；骨折分型(Meyers-McKeever-Zaricznyj):Ⅱ型8例，Ⅲ型14例，Ⅳ型4例。患者均行膝关节镜下骨折复位TightRope锁扣带袢钛板环扎固定术。手术前后采用Lysholm膝关节评分、国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)及膝关节Tegner评分评价膝关节功能，通过Lachman试验及pivot-shift试验评价膝关节稳定性。记录手术时间、膝关节活动度及术后并发症情况。结果 患者均手术顺利，术后随访10～15个月，平均12.5个月。平均手术时长(37.5±6.9)min。末次随访Lysholm、IKDC及膝关节Tegner评分分别为(95.4±4.2)分、(93.5±4.5)分、(7.9±1.5)分，高于术前(45.4±...     

三种移植物关节镜下重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效比较

目的比较分析膝关节镜下自体骨-髌腱-骨（B-PT-B）、同种异体跟腱和LARS（1igament advanced reinforce．mentsystem,LARS）人工韧带重建前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament,ACL）的临床疗效差异。方法从2008年2月-2010年11月,对156例膝关节ACL损伤患者行关节镜下ACL重建术,其中自体骨-髌腱-骨（B-PT-B）组39例,同种异体跟腱组53例,LARS人工韧带组64例。通过一般情况、前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验、Lysholm、IKDC膝关节评分进行临床疗效评价。结果所有患者随访12-38个月,平均21个月,术后3、6个月各组膝关节Lysholm、IKDC评分,LARS组明显高于其余2组（P〈O．05）。异体跟腱组与自体B-PT-B组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后12月及最后随访时,LARS组略高于其余2组,但3组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论在关节镜下应用3种不同移植物重建前交叉韧带的近期疗效均较为满意,LARS组可在术后早期进行膝关节功能活动近期效果优于自体B-PT-B组和异体跟腱组。对于年轻患者．尤其是运动员ACL损伤。LARS人工韧带是一种理想移植材料。     

自体与深低温冷冻异体髌腱重建前交叉韧带临床疗效比较研究

目的:回顾性观察比较自体与深低温冷冻同种异体骨腱骨(BPTB)组织重建膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)临床疗效差异。方法:回顾2003年8月~2005年12月共82例ACL损伤患者,其中自体同侧BPTB组织移植59例,同种异体BPTB移植23例。术前、术后行体格检查、膝关节IKDC评定、Lysholm-Tegner评分、VAS疼痛评分及KT-2000检测。采用t检验及χ2检验比较两组间差异。结果:41例自体及17例异体移植物重建患者分别获得平均34.3个月(18~46个月)和平均33.5个月(19~43个月)的最终随访。异体组发生再断裂1例,无感染及排斥反应。自体组4例无明显跪地痛,其余37例患者均极少或未尝试跪地动作,其中髌前取骨处明显压痛5例。5例自体及1例异体移植患者随访时前抽屉试验(ADT)阳性,3例自体及1例异体称植患者Lachman检查阳性。术后两组间关节活动度、膝关节IKDC评定、Lysholm-Tegner评分、KT-2000检测均无显著差异,VAS评分有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:同种异体与自体髌腱移植物重建ACL临床疗效相近,同种异体移植组织是重建ACL的良好替代物。     

同种异体胫前肌腱和自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带临床研究

目的:探讨关节镜下同种异体胫前肌腱与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的临床疗效。方法:回顾了60例陈旧性前交叉韧带损伤重建病例,分为A组30例,B组30例。分别应用同种异体胫前肌腱(A组)和自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱(B组)重建ACL,A组平均随访29.4个月,B组平均随访31.6月。采用Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC、KT2000对患者进行术前和术后膝关节功能测试、评分,并用等速测试仪测量各组术后伸膝、屈膝、内旋和外旋肌力。结果:两组手术前后Lysholm、TegnerI、KDC、KT2000测试结果均有显著性差异(P<0.01);但两组间术后评分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。等速肌力测试结果显示术后B组内旋、屈膝肌力较术前下降(P<0.05),而A组术后肌力较术前无明显下降(P>0.05)。结论:关节镜下采用同种异体胫前肌腱重建前交叉韧带疗效满意,不良反应发生率低。     

8股及4股自体腘绳肌移植物重建治疗低度轴移的膝关节前交叉韧带损伤的疗效对比研究

目的：比较应用8股腘绳肌移植物及4股腘绳肌移植物重建合并低度轴移（轴移1+）的前交叉韧带（ACL）损伤的临床效果。方法：回顾性分析从2019年10月至2021年3月北京积水潭医院收治的ACL损伤患者，入选患者术前麻醉下检查轴移试验为1度且有术后一年以上随访结果。采用8股腘绳肌移植物重建ACL的患者为A组，4股腘绳肌移植物重建ACL的患者为B组。评估术前及术后最少1年随访时，Lachman试验、KT-1000侧-侧差值、轴移试验、Lysholm评分以及国际膝关节文献委员会（IKDC）评分的组内和组间变化。结果：A组患者50例，平均随访时间14.8±6.2个月；B组患者50例，平均随访13.7±3.3个月。末次随访时，两组患者的主客观评估指标均较术前显著改善（P<0.05）。组间比较显示，末次随访时A、B两组患者的Lachman试验、KT-1000侧-侧差值、Lysholm评分以及IKDC评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;A组轴移试验均为阴性，B组轴移试验44例阴性，6例1+，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：合并低度轴移（轴移1+）的ACL损伤患者，应用8股自...     

关节镜下自体半腱及股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带

 目的 探讨关节镜下以自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带(ACL)的手术方法及疗效.方法 自2006年3月～2007年12月,关节镜下绳肌腱修复膝前交叉韧带损伤39例.膝前小切口取半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱修整、对折后成四股,分别建立胫骨隧道及股骨隧道,用Endobutton和生物可吸收挤压螺钉固定肌腱,重建ACL的解剖结构和生理功能.术后即行功能锻练.结果 术后患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,8～10周膝关节屈伸功能恢复正常.随访时间3～15个月,平均8个月.抽屉试验和Lachman试验阳性者2例,可疑阳性者6例;余患者均为阴性.根据敖英芳临床判断标准,本组优23例,良11例,中3例,差2例.Lysholm评分术后(87.6±4.6),与术前(45.3±4.2)比较,差异显著(P<0.01).结论 绳肌腱具有良好的抗拉强度和刚度,在关节镜下用四股绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带是一种疗效可靠的治疗方式.     

膝关节镜下半腱肌及股薄肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床观察

目的探讨膝关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的方法和效果。方法回顾分析26例膝关节镜下应用自体半腱肌及股薄肌腱以界面挤压螺钉及Endobutton固定重建前交叉韧带的临床资料,对患膝关节功能进行评估。结果术后随访12-18个月,根据Lysholm膝关节评分标准,由术前（54．7±9．13）分提高到术后（86．6±6．97）分。结论膝关节镜下采用自半腱肌及股薄肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带的方法可行,疗效满意,可作为重建前交叉韧带的方法广泛应用。     

前交叉韧带重建术中经胫骨的股骨隧道足迹定位方法改进及术后骨道评估

 目的 探讨前交叉韧带重建术中经胫骨的股骨隧道足迹定位方法的改进及术后骨道位置评估。 方法 分析2007 -06至2010-01于武警总医院行自体半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带手术患者196例,应用改进的方法进行关节镜下经胫骨的股骨隧道足迹定位,并应用国际膝关节文献委员会（international knee documentation commitee, IKDC）评分及术后MRI行骨道位置评估的资料。 结果 经随访10～36个月,患者的前抽屉试验及Lachman试验均为阴性,IKDC评分情况均较术前差异有统计学意义( P <0.05) ,采用矢状位上关节线与移植肌腱的夹角(the angle between the joint line and the graft on the sagittal view,JGS)和冠状位上关节线与移植肌腱的夹角(the angle between the joint line and the graft  on the coronal image,JGC) ,对术后6个月及正常侧膝关节MRI行骨道位置评估,重建的前交叉韧带的位置与正常对照组的位置差异无统计学意义（ P >0.05）。 结论 单束重建前交叉韧带时,改进的经胫骨的股骨隧道的足迹定位方法是理想的股骨隧道定位方法,患者关节稳定性与功能均得到显著改善;采用JGS和JGC对骨道位置进行评估可较客观、准确地反映股骨隧道定位情况,骨隧道位置与临床效果相关。     

Revision ACL reconstruction using contralateral hamstrings

Purpose

Due to the increasing number of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions, the need for revision surgery has risen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of contralateral doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendon (DGST) for revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Methods

Twelve patients undergoing revision ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon were examined at an average follow-up of 3 years. All patients underwent a thorough subjective and objective evaluation, which included a KT-1000 arthrometric evaluation, and a radiographic examination.

Results

Subjective evaluation yielded a median score of 5.5 (range 2–9) on the Tegner activity scale. The mean Lysholm score was 95 (SD 9.5), and the mean subjective IKDC 2000 score was 95.4 (SD 7.8). At physical examination, a negative Lachman test was found in ten patients; one patient had a positive Lachman test with a firm end-point, and one other patient had a clearly positive Lachman test. Two patients had a grade 1+ on pivot shift testing. Only 1 patient showed a side-to-side difference more than 5 mm at the maximum manual KT-1000 arthrometer. Three patients (25 %) showed initial signs of osteoarthritis.

Conclusions

The results of the study show that the use of hamstring tendons harvested from the unaffected knee represents a valid option for revision surgery following a failed primary ACL reconstruction using DGST grafts.

Level of evidence

IV.     

The "ligamentization" process in human anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autogenous patellar and hamstring tendons: a biochemical study

BACKGROUND: There is little information documenting whether the phenomenon of "ligamentization," as proposed by Amiel, occurs in the human anterior cruciate ligament after clinically effective reconstruction. To clarify this point, we analyzed biochemical differences between the native anterior cruciate ligament; the patellar, semitendinosus, and gracilis tendons; and anterior cruciate ligaments reconstructed with autografts. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: Fifty patients who underwent arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using either semitendinosus and gracilis tendon or bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts were selected for the study. Samples of grafted tissue were collected during arthroscopy and quantitatively analyzed for collagen content and the amount of reducible and nonreducible crosslinks at 4 to 6 postoperative months in patients with semitendinosus and gracilis tendon grafts and at 11 to 13 months in all patients with semitendinosus and gracilis tendon or bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts. RESULTS: The total collagen content and nonreducible/reducible crosslink ratios increased significantly during the postoperative period (P < .05). The dihydroxylysinonorleucine/hydroxylysinonorleucine ratio was 3.11 +/- 0.56 in the native anterior cruciate ligament, 1.21 +/- 0.47 in the patellar tendon, and 3.59 +/- 1.58 in the anterior cruciate ligaments reconstructed with bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts 1 year after surgery. The dihydroxylysinonorleucine/hydroxylysinonorleucine ratio in both semitendinosus and gracilis tendons was less than 1.0. However, in anterior cruciate ligaments reconstructed with semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autografts, it was 2.34 +/- 0.98 at 4 to 6 months and 3.43 +/- 1.61 at 11 to 13 months after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autografts, biochemical characteristics of the graft resembled those of the native anterior cruciate ligament. These findings suggest that, regarding the amount of collagen crosslinks and their architecture, the phenomenon of ligamentization occurs in the successfully reconstructed human anterior cruciate ligament within 1 year after operation.     

自体半腱肌腱股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带术后肌腱再生的临床研究

目的 :应用超声仪观察切取半腱肌腱股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带后肌腱的再生情况。方法 :39例用自体半腱肌腱股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带患者 ,术后平均 13个月行双侧半腱肌腱股薄肌腱超声检查 ,了解肌腱再生情况并对比其长度和截面积的变化。结果 :超声检查显示 39例患者中有肌腱再生 2 6例 ,再生率为 72 %。再生肌腱长度和截面积与对侧肌腱相比无明显差异。 2 6例患者半腱肌腱股薄肌肌腹有萎缩。结论 :切取半腱肌腱股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带后肌腱能够再生。     

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A prospective randomized study of three surgical methods

A prospective randomized study was performed to determine the differences in results between three methods of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft (group 1), semitendinosus and gracilis tendon graft reconstruction combined with an extraarticular procedure (group 2), and semitendinosus and gracilis tendon graft reconstruction alone (group 3). Preoperatively, there were no significant differences between groups. At a mean of 35.4 +/- 11.6 months postoperatively, 102 patients returned for evaluation. International Knee Documentation Committee knee evaluation revealed no significant differences in symptoms, function, return to pre-injury activity, harvest site abnormalities, or limitation of motion between groups 1 and 3. Patients in group 2 had a higher incidence of patellofemoral crepitation and loss of motion than did patients in group 3. The mean manual maximum KT-1000 arthrometer side-to-side difference was 2.1 +/- 2.0 mm in group 1, which was statistically significantly better than the difference in group 3 (3.1 +/- 2.3 mm). Final knee rating showed that 34 of 35 patients in group 1, 23 of 34 patients in group 2, and 26 of 33 patients in group 3 had a normal or nearly normal overall knee rating. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a semitendinosus and gracilis or a patellar tendon autograft may yield similar subjective results; however, the patellar tendon autograft may provide better objective stability in the long term. In addition, there appears to be no benefit to combining an intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with an extraarticular procedure.     

Influence of medial hamstring tendon harvest on knee flexor strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A detailed evaluation with comparison of single- and double-tendon harvest

BACKGROUND: The advantages of hamstring tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are well known; however, concerns have arisen regarding the influence of hamstring tendon harvest on postoperative weakness in knee flexion. PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of hamstring tendon harvest on knee flexion strength in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized study. METHODS: Ninety patients were randomly assigned at surgery to undergo anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with either a semitendinosus tendon autograft or a semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autograft. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength was tested before surgery and at 6, 12, and 18 months after surgery. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in clinical results between the groups and neither group showed a significant decrease in isokinetic hamstring muscle strength. However, when the subjects' knees were at positions of 70 degrees or more of flexion, both isokinetic and isometric measurements revealed a significant decrease in hamstring muscle strength in both groups. The strength in the group with semitendinosus and gracilis tendons was considerably less than that in the group with semitendinosus tendon alone at 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: Tendon harvest causes significant weakness of hamstring muscle strength at high knee flexion angles, but such weakness can be minimized if the gracilis tendon is preserved.     

Comparative injury rates of uninjured, anterior cruciate ligament-deficient, and reconstructed knees in a skiing population.

To evaluate the risks of skiing after anterior cruciate ligament injury with or without reconstruction, we performed a 3-year study of 5646 skiers employed by a large ski resort. All skiers underwent knee ligament examinations before entering the study. The participants were divided into three groups based on whether they had never had an anterior cruciate ligament injury (N = 4748), were unilaterally deficient of the ligament (N = 138), or had undergone a unilateral reconstruction of the ligament at least 1 year before (N = 274). The rates of knee injuries requiring evaluation by a physician or time off work were calculated. The results of the reconstructed knees were further evaluated to determine whether ligament repair with semitendinosus/gracilis or patellar tendon autograft had a higher injury rate. Compared with knees with intact anterior cruciate ligaments, ligament-deficient knees had a 6.2-times higher rate of injuries, and knees in which the ligament had been reconstructed had a 3.1-times higher rate. The differences between each of the three groups were significant. Injuries to ligament-intact knees were less severe, with 13% requiring surgery, while 39% of the injuries in the ligament-deficient and 41% of the injuries in the reconstructed-ligament knees required surgery. The rates of injury for the graft types were not significantly different, but skiers with a semitendinosus/gracilis tendon autograft were significantly more likely to rupture their graft than skiers with a patellar tendon autograft.     

Simultaneous anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in chronic knee instabilities: surgical concepts and clinical outcome

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of simultaneous arthroscopically assisted reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) using autogenous tendon grafts in chronic knee injuries. Nineteen patients (17 men and 2 women) with chronic multi-ligamentous injuries underwent one-stage ACL and PCL reconstruction. ACL, PCL and medial collateral ligament were reconstructed in seven knees, and ACL, PCL and posterolateral structure were reconstructed in two knees. Function of the operated knee was evaluated according to the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm scale. Anterior and posterior knee laxity was examined with a KT-2000 arthrometer. Eighteen of 19 patients were able to return for follow-up and were evaluated objectively and subjectively. The average patient age at surgery was 30.5 years, and the average postoperative follow-up was 3.5 years. No patients showed loss of knee extension more than 5 degrees , while three patients revealed loss of knee flexion more than 16 degrees . The mean postoperative total anterior-posterior side-to-side difference was 1.9 +/- 1.5 mm at 20 degrees and 2.1 +/- 1.9 mm at 70 degrees . The average of the Lysholm score was 95.1 points at the final follow-up. At the IKDC evaluation, three patients were grade A, 11 were grade B, 3 were grade C, and 1 patient was grade D. The results showed the effectiveness and safety of one-stage reconstruction of combined ligamentous injuries of the knee that can adequately restore satisfactory stability.