显微手术治疗颅底脑膜瘤23例分析

目的 探讨显微手术治疗颅底脑膜瘤的手术入路和操作要点.方法 选取本院收治行显微切除术的颅底脑膜瘤患者46例,随机分为观察组和对照组各23例;观察组以多螺旋CT和MRI对瘤体的解剖位置和血供走向作综合分析,分别选择额下、翼点、枕下等手术入路切除,对照组统一采取枕下乙状窦后入路;对比分析2组手术疗效,总结手术技巧.结果 除小脑桥脑角脑膜瘤外,观察组手术时间和术中出血量均显著少于对照组（P〈0.05）.观察组全切除19例,其中SimpsonⅠ级14例,SimpsonⅡ级5例,次全切除4例;对照组全切除12例,其中SimpsonⅠ级10例,SimpsonⅡ级2例,次全切除11例;观察组全切率显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）.观察组术后并发症发生率13.0%,显著显著低于对照组的43.8%（P〈0.05）.结论 颅底脑膜瘤解剖位置深,血供丰富,手术入路应以最大限度显露手术视野和最低程度减少脑组织牵拉为原则,尽可能接近颅底病变区域;在此基础上,精确掌握瘤体与周边组织的解剖关系,谨慎操作,避免医源性血管和神经损伤,是手术成功的关键.     

神经内镜鞘外手术在微创神经外科中的应用探讨

目的 探讨神经内镜在神经外科微创手术中的应用经验与方法. 方法 回顾性总结分析自2010年10月至2013年3月苏北人民医院神经外科应用神经内镜下微创治疗的52例颅内疾病患者的手术效果和并发症,其中垂体瘤20例、高血压脑出血20例、血管畸形伴血肿1例、脑外伤颅内血肿2例、胆脂瘤2例、视神经损伤2例、脑脊液鼻漏2例、亚急性有分隔硬膜下血肿1例、蛛网膜囊肿2例. 结果 除1例胆脂瘤患者术中出现岩静脉撕裂,术后并发小脑静脉性梗死而预后不良以外,其余患者均恢复良好,其中20例垂体瘤全切15例(75％),术后无脑脊液鼻漏发生;23例颅内血肿中血肿清除满意22例,1例脑外伤后双侧颅内血肿患者术后一侧发生再出血,再行开颅血肿清除后恢复;2例行视神经管减压患者视力明显提高;2例脑脊液鼻漏一次性修复效果良好,未发生颅内感染及复发;2例蛛网膜囊肿术后囊肿缩小,症状消失;1例亚急性有分隔硬膜下血肿患者术后血肿清除满意;1例胆脂瘤患者术后恢复良好,复查MRI示肿瘤近全切除. 结论 神经内镜可在经鼻颅底手术、颅内血肿微创手术中发挥其显露范围广、深部照明好、微创高效的优势,取得简单快捷、安全有效的治疗效果.     

Secular Changes in the Morphology of the Skull in Swedish Men

Three hundred and twelve Swedish inductees (average age 18.7 years) were compared with skulls from men aged 18–25 who had died in 1810 regarding skull morphology and the dimensions of the dental arches.

The skull morphology was analysed roentgen-cephalornetrically with profile and postero-anterior roentgenograms. the sizes of the dental arches were measured on casts and directly on the skulls.

The cranium was found to be larger in the inductees than in the skull material. the cranial base was more cnrved in the inductees, which also showed more maxillary alveolar prognathism, proclination of the upper incisors and larger gonion angle. the width of the dental arches between the first molars was smaller in the present day material, while the length of the dental arches was longer.

The results show that parallel to the secular increase in body height there is also secularisation of the morphology of the cranium, including changes also in the cranial base, which suggests a change in the genetic constitution of the population in western Sweden during the last 160 years.     

The Sagittal Growth of the Foetal Cranial Base

There is an increase in the angular relationship between the anterior and posterior cranial components in foetal life. The angular changes taking place seem to occur in the region of the sphenoethmoidal junction. The spheno-occipital element of the cranial base showed stability during foetal life, whereas the spheno-ethmoidal part of the cranial base angles increased in the corresponding period. A large angle in any one of the cranial base angles is followed by large angles in the rest of the cranial angles. A large cranial base angle is followed by a large anterior total facial height and a relatively posterior rotation of the upper jaw, retrognathic lower face and a relatively posterior rotation of the lower jaw. The growth of the anterior cranial base is more active than the growth of the posterior cranial base. The ethmoidal and sphenoidal parts of the anterior cranial base contribute equally to the increase in length. A long anterior cranial base is followed by a large spheno-ethmoidal angle and relatively long upper and lower jaws, upper jaw prognathism, large anterior facial height and a posterior rotation of the lower jaw.     

Pulsatile Scalp Swelling

Metastasis from follicular carcinoma is usually blood-borne. Here, we present a case of skull metastasis with intracranial extension presenting as a pulsatile scalp swelling from the follicular thyroid carcinoma.     

皮肤软组织扩张术在头皮缺损伴颅骨外露修复中的应用

目的 探讨外伤致大面积头皮缺损后的肉芽组织创面伴颅骨外露的修复方法.方法 对外伤后头皮缺损肉芽组织创面伴颅骨外露8例患者,在形成新鲜肉芽组织创面后于正常头皮帽状腱膜下埋置皮肤软组织扩张器12只,术中以及注水扩张过程中严格无菌操作,适度扩张,保持扩张部位丰富的血液循环.扩张满意后取出皮肤软组织扩张器行扩张后皮瓣修复创面.结果 8例患者均完成头皮缺损创面的修复,扩张器埋置术后以及注水扩张过程中未见感染.结论 皮肤软组织扩张术可以修复外伤头皮缺损后肉芽组织创面伴颅骨外露.     

神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除颅底脊索瘤的临床疗效及其影响因素分析

目的探讨神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除颅底脊索瘤的手术策略、临床疗效及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2021年3月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科采用神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除的颅底脊索瘤患者的临床资料,共纳入373例患者(共行500例次手术)。其中2004—2019年为早期手术组,采用以肿瘤为中心的手术策略;2020—2021年为近期手术组,依据肿瘤的起源部位及其沿着颅底骨缝、神经和大血管孔道延伸生长的特点进行顺序探查和切除(探查顺序形似"龟背")。比较两种手术策略切除肿瘤程度的差异。随访患者的无进展生存期(PFS)和总生存期(OS),采用Kaplan-Meier法生存分析,采用log-rank检验分析不同临床特征患者间PFS和OS的差异。结果500例次手术中,413例次为早期手术组,肿瘤的全切除率、次全切除率、部分切除率分别为35.1%(145例次)、36.6%(151例次)、28.3%(117例次);87例次为近期手术组,肿瘤的全切除率、次全切除率、部分切除率分别为52.9%(46例次)、37.9%(33例次)、9.2%(8例次),两组肿瘤的切除率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。500例次手术,脑脊液漏的发生率为4.6%(23例次)。373例患者中,术后1例(0.3%)死亡,1例(0.3%)发生大面积脑梗死;共325例(87.1%)患者获得完整的随访资料,中位随访时间为31个月(3~193个月)。182例(56.0%)复发,估计总体患者的中位PFS为24个月(95%CI:17.5~30.5);85例(26.2%)死亡,估计总体患者的中位OS为106个月。生存分析显示,与原发性肿瘤、肿瘤体积小、肿瘤全切除、病理学类型为经典型或软骨型肿瘤及术后放疗的患者比较,复发性肿瘤、肿瘤体积大、肿瘤非全切除、病理学类型为去分化或差分化或肉瘤样型肿瘤及术后未行放疗患者的PFS和OS均短,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论依据颅底脊索瘤生长侵袭特点,采用"龟背"形顺序探查、切除肿瘤的手术策略有利于提高肿瘤的切除程度。肿瘤是否原发、体积大小、切除程度、病理学类型、术后是否放疗可能与颅底脊索瘤患者术后的PFS和OS有关。     

术中胃减压对神经内镜经鼻颅底手术后恶心呕吐的影响

目的探讨术中胃减压对行神经内镜经鼻颅底手术患者手术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的影响。方法回顾性分析2019年1—8月在复旦大学附属华山医院神经外科接受神经内镜经鼻颅底手术的357例患者的临床资料。根据术中是否进行胃减压,分为胃减压组(146例)和对照组(211例)。比较两组的临床特征和术后24 h内PONV发生率的差异。对于包括胃减压在内的各因素对行神经内镜经鼻颅底手术患者PONV发生的影响,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析法探讨。结果所有患者术后24 h内的PONV发生率为11.8%(42/357)。胃减压组的女性比例[58.2%(85/146)对比46.4%(98/211),P=0.029]和Apfel评分为2~3分的比例[64.4%(94/146)对比50.2%(106/211),P=0.008]均高于对照组,而胃减压组PONV的发生率低于对照组[7.5%(11/146)对比14.7%(31/211),P=0.039]。单因素logistic回归分析结果提示,术中采用脂肪填塞修补脑脊液漏、术中采用黏膜瓣修补脑脊液漏、术中胃减压和术中失血量是神经内镜经鼻颅底手术患者PONV发生的影响因素(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果提示,术中胃减压(OR=0.397,95%CI:0.185~0.852,P=0.018)和术中失血量(OR=1.133,95%CI:1.026~1.250,P=0.013)为神经内镜经鼻颅底手术患者PONV发生的独立影响因素。结论实施术中胃减压可降低神经内镜经鼻颅底手术患者PONV的发生率。     

Skull base osteomyelitis missed in mastoidectomy for cholesteatoma

Conclusions A high suspicion of skull base involvement should be warranted, even if radiological findings are not atypical, in cases of chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma. Objective To investigate some clues indicating the development of skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) in patients who received mastoidectomy, through reviewing pre-operative temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT). Method Retrospective review of patients with SBO after mastoidectomy for COM. A total of five patients with SBO after mastoidectomy with available pre-operative TBCTs were enrolled in this study. Results All patients were diagnosed as COM with cholesteatoma and open cavity mastoidectomy was performed. After surgery, SBO were occurred. The recovery in these five patients was complicated by lower cranial nerve palsy, and one patient had a stroke due to lateral thrombophlebitis. Through re-interpretation of pre-operative TBCT, the bony destruction around the skull base missed at the initial diagnosis was observed in all cases.