Disc protrusion in the child Particular features and comparison with neoplasms

Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation, although common in adults, is infrequent in the young, and especially in patients under 17 years old. In this work we review clinical data pertaining to two pediatric groups of patients whose main complaint was low back pain and/or sciatica, trying to identify factors that might contribute to their earlier referral and to the differential diagnosis of protruded disc and spinal neoplasm in this population. Group A comprises 17 youngsters diagnosed as having lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus and group B, 16 children with neoplasms of the lower thoracic and lumbosacral regions. Both groups were similar in sex distribution and symptoms of pain and numbness. However, there was a striking difference in age at presentation. No patient in group A was younger than 11 years, while most of those in group B were in their first decade of life (P=0.018). The classic clinical onset in the children with herniated discs started with low back pain and sciatica, as in the children with neoplasms, although in subgroup B leg pain tended to be bilateral. The usual examination findings in both groups were spinal rigidity and sensory loss, but motor weakness and impaired reflexes were found to be more frequent in the group with spinal growths (P=0.02). Children with lumbosacral neoplasms also tended to present with atypical symptoms (acute onset, intracranial hypertension, subarachnoid hemorrhage and abdominal pain), while this was the exception in the group with herniated discs. Plain radiographs of the pediatric spine showed that X-ray examination is still a good tool for diagnosing spinal growths compared with their scant utility in disc herniations (P=0.001). During the survey we were impressed by the children's apparent good tolerance to pain, which is probably due to the lack of the emotional component of pain in adults and explains their delayed referral for neurosurgical consultation. However, all modalities of treatment seemed to be effective in children, chemonucleolysis and surgery being extraordinarily effective in this age group. Accordingly, we see no reason for long-term conservative therapy in children with lumbar and sciatic pain; on the contrary, we believe these patients should be offered earlier neurosurgical treatment. Received: 20 August 1996     

闭孔神经或生殖股神经移位修复腰骶丛根性撕脱伤的应用解剖学研究

目的为闭孔神经或生殖股神经移位修复腰骶丛根性撕脱伤的临床应用提供解剖学基础。方法新鲜成人整尸6具,解剖测量双侧闭孔神经、生殖股神经、股神经及骶神经根的长度、横径和纵径,计算横截面积,并在高倍显微镜下计数有髓神经纤维数目。结果右侧闭孔神经经椎体前腹膜后移位至左侧,与左侧股神经均能直接吻合,且有2~3 cm的重叠。左侧生殖股神经、闭孔神经切断后均能与同侧S1、S2神经根吻合,且有2~4 cm的重叠。闭孔神经的神经纤维数目(4400~7800根)为股神经纤维数目(13000~20000根)的1/3,生殖股神经的神经纤维数目(3000~4500根)为骶2神经的纤维数目(4500~8500根)的1/2,闭孔神经纤维数目(4400~7800根)与S1神经纤维数目(5000~9000根)基本相当。结论闭孔神经或生殖股神经可作为动力源神经移位修复腰骶丛根性撕脱伤。     

前后联合入路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗腰骶椎结核

目的探讨前后联合入路行结核病灶清除、椎间植骨、后路椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗腰骶椎结核的疗效。方法 2005年1月-2010年5月,采用经腹膜外入路行结核病灶清除,取自体或同种异体髂骨植骨,后路内固定重建脊柱稳定性治疗腰骶椎结核16例。男12例,女4例;年龄38～65岁,平均48岁。病程6～24个月,平均10个月。患者主要临床症状为持续性下腰痛。病变节段:L4、5 3例,L5、S1 8例,L4～S1 5例。腰骶角18～32°,平均22°。术前红细胞沉降率为15～55 mm/1 h,平均25 mm/1 h。术后抗结核治疗12个月。结果手术时间120～240 min,平均180 min;出血量300～600 mL,平均420 mL。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无相关并发症发生。16例均获随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均16个月。随访期间结核病灶无复发,红细胞沉降率均恢复正常,术前下腰痛或下肢放射痛等症状均消失。X线片检查示,患者均于术后8～12个月植骨融合。末次随访时腰骶角为16～31°,平均21°。结论经腹膜外前方入路暴露腰骶椎结核病灶安全可靠,病灶清除后行椎间植骨,后路椎弓根钉内固定系统可有效重建腰骶段的稳定性。     

退变性腰椎滑脱与相关解剖学因素关系探讨

目的 利用多层螺旋CT扫描探讨退变性腰椎滑脱（degenerative lumber spondylylisthesis,DLS）与相关影响因素的关系,为临床诊治提供指导.方法 选取笔者科室2010年4月～ 2013年12月共55例DLS患者（排除外伤、手术及移行椎等脊柱变异）,其中男性9例,女性46例,滑脱部位均为L4.对照组选取同时间段无腰椎滑脱、年龄构成相似的病例55例,其中男性9例、女性46例.对两组病例关节突关节角度、退变程度、腰骶角等因素与腰椎滑脱关系进行分析研究.结果 两组患者关节突关节与矢状面夹角、腰骶角均值采用独立样本t检验,前者t=-3.68,两者有统计学差异,后者t=0.74,两者无统计学差异,椎间关节退变程度x2 =47.778,差异有统计学意义.结论 DLS组与对照组两组患者腰骶角无明显差异,而关节突关节面与矢状面夹角、椎间关节退变程度之间差异有统计学意义,因此认为后面两因素是退变性腰椎滑脱发生的重要因素,其可能是互为因果、协同促进的关系.     

The Effect of Mobilization on Forward Bending Range

Abstract

Passive physiological flexion is a spinal mobilization technique commonly used to restore forward bending range of movement, however there is little evidence to support the efficacy of this technique. The aim of this randomized controlled trial therefore, was to determine the effect of passive physiological flexion technique on forward bending range of motion in subjects with reduced range. Forty volunteer subjects with reduced range, were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Subjects in the experimental group were treated with passive physiological flexion for three minutes, while those in the control group lay supine, with the hips and knees flexed (crook lying) for an equivalent time period. An independent samples t test revealed a significant difference between the groups, the experimental group attaining a 3.79 cm increase in range, compared to a change of 1.24 cms in the control group. This study provides support for the use of passive physiological flexion to increase forward bending range.     

髂骨钉联合椎弓根螺钉固定在腰骶段骨折脱位的初步应用

目的：探讨髂骨钉联合椎弓根螺钉固定治疗腰骶段骨折脱位的可行性、手术方法及疗效。方法：2003年3月-2009年2月对1l例腰骶段骨折脱位行髂骨钉联合椎弓根螺钉固定。AO分型均为C型损伤;术前ASIA神经功能分级中,B级3例,C级6例,D级2例。手术采用后正中人路,首先暴露伤椎后方结构及双侧髂后上棘,在上位一正常腰椎置入椎弓根螺钉,然后选髂后上棘为人点,平行于髂嵴置入髂骨钉,再行椎板切除椎管减压,预弯棒置棒,行撑开或加压使骨折脱位复位,最后行后外侧植骨。通过比较术前、术后和随访的X线片,观察神经功能恢复情况。结果：11例获随访,平均16个月。术后X线片显示骨折脱位复位满意,骨折6个月时均愈合,植骨全部融合;随访期间无内固定物松动断裂。所有患者在术后12个月时ASIA神经功能分级均有1级或1级以上的恢复。结论：髂骨钉联合椎弓根螺钉固定不仅操作方便,而且复位固定可靠,临床疗效满意。     

腰骶部椎管内硬膜下副神经节瘤三例报告并文献复习

目的 报告3例椎管内硬膜下副神经节瘤病例并文献回顾.方法 3例患者中,男2例,女1例,平均年龄49.3岁,均以腰部及下肢疼痛就诊,均行后正中椎板切开入路肿瘤切除术.结果 3例患者手术切除满意,术后疼痛症状缓解,病理证实均为副神经节瘤.结论 对于腰骶部椎管内边界较清、强化较明显的肿瘤,应该考虑到副神经节瘤存在的可能.肿瘤全切除是本病的最佳治疗方法,术后应该长期随访.     

Can lumbosacral orthoses cause trunk muscle weakness? A systematic review of literature

Background

Wearing lumbosacral orthosis (LSO) is one of the most common treatments prescribed for conservative management of low back pain. Although the results of randomized controlled trials suggest effectiveness of LSO in reducing pain and disability in these patients, there is a concern that prolonged use of LSO may lead to trunk muscle weakness and atrophy.

后路经椎间隙病灶清除填骨内固定治疗腰骶段脊柱结核

目的：探讨后路经椎间隙病灶清除植骨内固定治疗腰骶段脊柱结核的疗效。方法：对2007年1月至2013年7月行Ⅰ期后路经椎间隙病灶清除植骨内固定手术治疗的32例腰骶段脊柱结核患者进行回顾性分析,其中男17例,女15例;年龄27~63岁,平均（49.8±9.2）岁;病程5~18个月,平均（10.7±3.2）个月;累及L₅椎体者1例,L₅S₁间隙者8例,L₅或S₁椎体及L₅S₁间隙者23例。通过VAS评分、ESR、CRP、腰骶角、L₅S₁椎间高度和神经功能ASIA分级进行临床疗效评定。结果：32例患者均获随访,时间18~39个月,平均21.6个月。手术时间120~260 min,平均175 min;术中出血量700~1 450 ml,平均1 050 ml。术前VAS评分为8.4±1.6,术后3个月为3.5±0.8（P<0.05）,末次随访时为1.7±0.6。术前ESR和CRP分别为（48.8±10.2）mm和（58.6±5.6）mg/L,术后3个月降至（35.6±6.9）mm和（22.5±4.3）mg/L（P<0.05）;末次随访时均降至正常范围内。术前L₅S₁椎间高度及腰骶角分别为（7.7±0.4）mm和（19.3±1.2）°,术后3个月恢复至（10.3±0.3）mm和（22.4±1.5）°（P<0.05）,末次随访时无明显丢失。术前ASIA分级：C级8例,D级19例,E级5例;至末次随访时,除1例仍为D级外,其余均为E级。结论：后路经椎间隙病灶清除植骨内固定可有效地清除结核病灶、维持脊柱的稳定性及改善患者的神经功能障碍,手术安全,并发症较少。