Haptic selective attention by foot and by hand

Nonvisual perceptions of a wielded object's spatial properties are based on the quantities expressing the object's mass distribution, quantities that are invariant during the wielding. The mechanoreceptors underlying the kind of haptic perception involved in wielding – referred to as effortful, kinesthetic, or dynamic touch – are those embedded in the muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The present experiment's focus was the selectivity of this muscle-based form of haptic perception. For an occluded rod grasped by the hand at some intermediate position along its length, participants can attend to and report selectively the rod's full length, its partial lengths (fore or aft of the hand), and the position of the grip. The present experiment evaluated whether participants could similarly attend selectively when wielding by foot. For a given rod attached to and wielded by foot or attached to (i.e. grasped) and wielded by hand, participants reported (by magnitude production) the rod's whole length or fractional length leftward of the point of attachment. On measures of mean perceived length, accuracy, and reliability, the degree of differentiation of partial from full extent achieved by means of the foot matched that achieved by means of the hand. Despite their neural, anatomical, and experiential differences, the lower and upper limbs seem to abide by the same principles of selective muscle-based perception and seem to express this perceptual function with equal facility.     

Dynamic Thermography: Analysis of Hand Temperature During Exercise

Exercise has a noted effect on skin blood flow and temperature. We aimed to characterize the normal skin temperature response to exercise by thermographic imaging. A study was conducted on ten healthy and active subjects (age=25.8 ± 0.7 years) who were exposed to graded exercise for determination of maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂ max), and subsequently to constant loads corresponding to 50%, 70%, and 90% of VO₂ max. The skin temperature response during 20 min of constant load exercise is characterized by an initial descending limb, an ascending limb and a quasi-steady-state period. For 50% VO₂ the temperature decrease rate was --0.0075±0.001°C/s during a time interval of 390 ±47 s and the temperature increase rate was 0.0055 ± 0.0031 °C/s during a time interval of 484 ±99 s. The level of load did not influence the temperature decrease and increase rates. In contrast, during graded load exercise, a continuous temperature decrease of --0.0049 ± 0.0032 °C/s was observed throughout the test. In summary, the thermographic skin response to exercise is characterized by a specific pattern which reflects the dynamic balance between hemodynamic and thermoregulatory processes. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC98: 8722Pg, 8759Wc, 8745Dr, 0180+b, 8745Hw     

人皮肤内神经-肥大细胞联接在经络线上的发现 Ⅱ“传入性”神经-肥大细胞联接和伴同传出性轴突的薛旺细胞

本研究取材于人的皮肤,电镜常规方法处理。发现人皮肤内有两种类型的神经肥大细胞联接。提示可能分别为传出性和传入性的,或暂称为A型和B型联接,分别报告于上篇和本篇中。 B型联接的构造特点是,脱开薛旺鞘样长带包被的轴突来到肥大细胞近旁,突进细胞体中。轴突终末的一部分被胞质唇封盖起来,终末周围的轴膜与细胞质膜形成联接的双层膜。无肥大细胞表面皱褶参与其形成,无线粒体和显明的囊泡存在终末之内,无薛旺细胞包被轴突终末。薛旺细胞伴同A型联接出现,可与肥大细胞紧密接触。胞质内有狭缝系统和粗面内质网片断,能拖出长尾,估计将过渡为鞘膜。薛旺细胞不是间织细胞,这里的间织细胞应是成纤维细胞。     

Loads applied tangential to a fingertip during an object restraint task can trigger short-latency as well as long-latency EMG responses in hand muscles

Electrical stimulation of the digital nerves can cause short- and long-latency increases in electromyographic activity (EMG) of the hand muscles, but mechanical stimulation of primarily tactile afferents in the digits generally evokes only a long-latency increase in EMG. To examine whether such stimuli can elicit short-latency reflex responses, we recorded EMG over the first dorsal interosseous muscle when subjects (n=13) used the tip of the right index finger to restrain a horizontally oriented plate from moving when very brisk tangential forces were applied in the distal direction. The plate was subjected to ramp-and-hold pulling loads at two intensities (a 1-N load applied at 32 N/s or a 2-N load applied at 64 N/s) at times unpredictable to the subjects (mean interval 2 s; trial duration 500 ms). The contact surface of the manipulandum was covered with rayon—a slippery material. For each load, EMG was averaged for 128 consecutive trials with reference to the ramp onset. In all subjects, an automatic increase in grip force was triggered by the loads applied at 32 N/s; the mean onset latency of the EMG response was 59.8±0.9 (mean ± SE) ms. In seven subjects (54%) this long-latency response was preceded by a weak short-latency excitation at 34.6±2.9 ms. With the loads applied at 64 N/s, the long-latency response occurred slightly earlier (58.9±1.7 ms) and, with one exception, all subjects generated a short-latency EMG response (34.9±1.3 ms). Despite the higher background grip force that subjects adopted during the stronger loads (4.9±0.3 N vs 2.5±0.2 N), the incidence of slips was higher—the manipulandum escaped from the grasp in 37±5% of trials with the 64 N/s ramps, but in only 18±4% with the 32-N/s ramps. The deformation of the fingertip caused by the tangential load, rather than incipient or overt slips, triggered the short-latency responses because such responses occurred even when the finger pad was fixed to the manipulandum with double-sided adhesive tape so that no slips occurred.     

Compensation for distal impairments of grasping in adults with hemiparesis

Previous studies have shown that patients with arm and hand paresis following stroke recruit an additional degree of freedom (the trunk) to transport the hand during reaching and use alternative strategies for grasping. The few studies of grasping parameters of the impaired hand have been case studies mainly focusing on describing grasping in the presence of particular impairments such as hemi-neglect or optic ataxia and have not focussed on the role of the trunk in prehension. We hypothesized that the trunk movement not only ensures the transport of the hand to the object, but it also assists in orienting the hand for grasping when distal deficits are present. Nineteen patients with chronic hemiparesis and seven healthy subjects participated in the study. Patients had sustained a stroke of non-traumatic origin 6–82 months previously (31±22 months) and had mild or moderate to severe arm paresis. Using a whole hand grasp, subjects reached and grasped a cylinder (35 mm) that was placed sagittally (T1) or at a 45° angle to the sagittal midline in the ipsilateral workspace (T2), both at about 90% arms length (10 trials per target). Eight infrared emitting diodes were placed on bony landmarks of the hand, arm and trunk and kinematic data were recorded by an optical motion analysis system (Optotrak) for 2–5 s at 120 Hz. Hand position and orientation were recorded by a Fastrack Polhemus system. Our results show that during goal-directed prehension tasks, individuals with hemiparesis oriented the hand more frontally for grasping and used more trunk anterior displacement or rotation to transport the hand to the target compared to healthy subjects. Despite these changes, the major characteristics of reaching and grasping such as grip aperture size, temporal coordination between hand transport and aperture formation and the relative timing of grip aperture were largely preserved. For patients with more severe distal impairments, the amount of trunk displacement was also correlated with a more frontal hand orientation for grasping. Furthermore, in healthy subjects and patients without distal impairments, the trunk movement was mostly related to proximal arm movements while in those with distal impairments, trunk movement was related to both proximal and distal arm movements. Data support the hypothesis that the trunk movement is used to assist both arm transport and hand orientation for grasping when distal deficits are present.     

2018—2021年成都市非EV - A71感染手足口病患者住院费用及其影响因素研究

目的 了解成都市非EV - A71手足口病患者住院费用及其影响因素。方法 通过成都市公共卫生临床中心病案管理系统,收集2018—2021年手足口病住院病人信息。采用秩和检验、多元线性回归分析不同血清型患者费用的影响因素。结果 共纳入2 310例手足口病患者,直接医疗费用中位数为4 187元。秩和检验结果显示,CV - A10患者的住院天数、重症的费用差异有统计学意义（U = - 4.40, - 3.59; P＜0.05）;CV - A16患者的住院天数、高热的费用差异有统计学意义（U = - 4.90, - 2.51; P＜0.05）;CV - A6患者的性别、住院天数、并发症、重症、支付方式的费用差异有统计学意义（U = - 2.81, - 13.54, - 4.00, - 4.28;H = 13.65; P＜0.05）;其他肠道病毒患者的住院天数、并发症、重症、支付方式的费用差异有统计学意义（U = - 7.46, - 3.25, - 2.45;H = 13.14;P＜0.05）;混合感染患者高热的费用差异有统计学意义（U = - 2.40, P＜0.05）。多元线性回归结果显示,除混合感染外,住院天数是所有患者费用的影响因素。在CV - A10、CV - A6和其他肠道病毒中重症患者的费用更高;在CV - A6和其他肠道病毒中有并发症的患者费用更高。高热是混合感染患者费用的影响因素。结论 成都市非EV - A71感染手足口病患者的病毒血清型不同,费用的影响因素也有所不同。     

成都市暴雨洪涝与儿童手足口病关联分析及脆弱人群亚组识别

目的 刻画成都市2011—2017年暴雨洪涝与儿童手足口病(Hand, foot and mouth disease,HFMD)之间的短期滞后关系,并进一步量化在不同性别、年龄亚组中的效应,识别脆弱人群。方法 收集整理成都市2011年1月1日—2017年12月31日的15岁以下HFMD日发病数、气象因子和暴雨洪涝发生情况数据。以暴雨洪涝为关键自变量,运用准泊松分布滞后模型,探讨了暴雨洪涝发生后0~14天的滞后效应。结果 研究发现暴雨洪涝与儿童手足口病呈正相关关系。0~7天和0~14天的累积滞后效应分别为1.11(95% CI:1.01~1.22)和1.21 (95% CI:1.04~1.41)。性别和年龄亚组分析分别表明,男童和3岁以下儿童（<1岁婴儿和1~2岁幼儿亚组）存在单日滞后统计显著的正相关关系,且0~7天和0~14天的累积滞后均显著;女童的单日滞后没有统计学意义,仅0~14天累计滞后统计显著,且效应略低于男童（女童: RR =1.23(1.00~1.51),男童: RR =1.26(1.06~1.51)）;<1岁婴儿0~7天和0~14天的累积滞后效应最强,分别为1.26(95%CI:1.02~1.57)和1.68(95%CI:1.20~2.34)。结论 暴雨洪涝会增加儿童患HFMD的风险,尤其是男童和3岁以下的婴幼儿（对1岁以下的婴儿的影响最大）。利益相关者应充分意识到暴雨洪涝的健康风险。家庭、社区、学校和政府应共同努力,减少暴雨洪涝相关的儿童HFMD。     

基于集中度和圆形分布法的上海市郊区某镇手足口病流行特征分析

目的分析上海市郊区某镇2012—2018年手足口病流行病学特征和季节性分布规律,为制定有效的防控策略提供科学依据。方法通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统,收集2012—2018年现住址为上海市郊区某镇的手足口病发病资料,采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果上海市郊区某镇2012—2018年共报告手足口病病例538例,年平均报告发病率为186.27/10万,各年发病率差异有统计学意义(χ2=107.95,P<0.05);发病年龄以5岁以下儿童为主;发病高峰在5~9月份;职业以散居儿童为主;手足口病疫情主要发生在托幼机构和学校,占总疫情数的60.53%。结论2012—2018年上海市郊区某镇手足口病发病具有季节性,建议在高发期来临前针对重点人群、重点场所进行手足口病防控措施的落实,减少手足口病重症病例和疫情的发生。     

雪山芪的化学成分研究

目的 研究雪山芪He dysaram sikkimense Benth．ex Baker．var．rigidum Hand、-Mass．的化学成分。方法 采用反复硅胶柱层析分离纯化,通过理化常数测定和光谱分析鉴定化合物的结构。结果 从雪山芪干燥根中分离得到9个化合物。根据波谱分析和理化数据,鉴定出其中8个化合物分别为：羽扇豆醇(lupeol,1)、4′-羟基-7-甲氧基异黄酮(isoformononetein,Ⅱ)、4′-羟基-6,7-二甲氧基异黄酮(3-[4-hydroxyphenyl-6,7-dimetoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one],Ⅲ)、熊果酸(ursolic acid,Ⅳ)、山嵛酸-α-单甘油酯(docosanooic acid-2,3-d．hydroxypropyl ester,Ⅴ)、二十四烷酸(lignoceric acid,Ⅵ)、β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,Ⅶ)及蔗糖。结论 以上化合物均为首次从该植物中分得。