Synopses of Posters Presented at the International Workshop on Brain Uptake and Utilization of Fatty Acids,Lipids, and Lipoproteins: Application to Neurological Disorders

Thirty-five posters were presented at the Workshop on Brain Uptake And Utilization Of Fatty Acids, Lipids, and Lipoproteins. They were grouped into four categories: (1) mechanisms of lipid uptake and transport to the brain, (2) lipoproteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids, (3) eicosanoids in brain function, and (4) fatty acids and lipids in brain disorders. This article summarizes the highlights of the research presented in these posters. The individual abstracts follow these synopses.     

The effectiveness of sub-Tenon's infiltration of local anaesthesia for cataract surgery

Purpose: To determine if adequate anaesthesia and akinesia could be obtained using an inferonasal quadrant sub-Tenons anaesthesia for cataract surgery.
Methods: The sub-Tenons method of local anaesthesia was used in 50 patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction and lens implantation. The technique followed was that described by JD Stevens in his study of 50 patients. Posterior sub-Tenons space was approached through a conjunctival incision in the inferonasal quadrant and the anaesthetic solution delivered by an irrigating cannula. The patients were assessed for residual ocular movements just before surgery. Effectiveness of anaesthesia was assessed during surgery using a verbal pain rating score. Scoring was based on the concept of a visual analogue pain score chart.
Results: Total akinesia was obtained in 20% patients and total anaesthesia in 24% patients. The remainder of the patients had adequate akinesia and anaesthesia to proceed with and complete the surgery.
Conclusion: This method provides satisfactory anaesthesia for cataract surgery.     

基于术前脾脏CT影像组学列线图预测胃癌的浆膜浸润

目的：联合临床检验指标及影像学特征构建一种能够术前识别胃癌浆膜浸润的模型。方法：选取2015年1月至2019年12月温州医科大学附属第一医院经病理证实的656例胃癌患者,采用随机数字表法分为建模组（394例）和验证组（262例）。收集建模组患者的脾脏影像学资料,对收集的数据进行套索回归并选取差异有统计学意义的特征来构建浆膜浸润预测模型。在最大约登指数下取肿瘤浸润风险评分截断值将患者分为高危组（238例）和低危组（418例）,然后与其他浸润相关因素如BMI、年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病等进行单变量和多变量Logistic回归分析,结合显著的独立影响因素共同建立可视化的浆膜浸润预测列线图。结果：将患者以肿瘤浸润评分≤-0.335分为低危组,＞-0.335为高危组,经验证组验证,建模组和验证组的诊断准确性较为一致（P＜0.001）。经浸润影响因素的单变量和多变量Logistic回归分析发现,影像组学肿瘤浸润评分（OR=2.9,95%CI=2.1～4.2,P＜0.001）、术前低白蛋白（OR=1.3,95%CI=1.2～3.1,P=0.003）、血小板与淋巴细胞比值（OR=1.8,95%CI=1.2～2.7,P=0.004）、肿瘤分化程度（OR=2.6,95%CI= 1.8～3.7,P＜0.001）是浆膜浸润的独立影响因素。基于这4个指标建立的预测模型能够较为准确地预测浆膜浸润风险,其AUC值为0.733。结论：基于脾脏影像的肿瘤浸润评分联合其他临床因素可准确预测胃癌浆膜浸润与否,提高诊断精度。     

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者心外膜脂肪组织的生物信息学研究

背景 心血管疾病（CVD）是常见病和多发病,患病率和死亡率呈快速上升趋势。动脉粥样硬化（AS是缺血性CVD的病理基础,研究表明心外膜脂肪组织（EAT）通过分泌外泌体（EXO）和生物活性物质促进AS进展,但其作用机制仍需进一步研究。目的 通过生物信息学方法挖掘冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（CAD）患者EAT中的关键基因,探讨免疫细胞浸润情况,联合CAD患者EXO间差异表达基因（DEGs）推测EAT来源EXO间DEGs并进行验证,从细胞及分子水平上探讨EAT在CAD疾病过程中的作用机制。方法 从基因表达综合数据库（GEO）中下载关于EAT的数据集GSE64554、GSE120774,根据临床信息将EAT的测序数据分为CAD组和健康对照组,使用R语言及相关软件包进行生物信息学分析。首先使用R语言筛选CAD组与健康对照组EAT间DEGs,并进行GO富集分析和KEGG通路富集分析,构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络,评估所选基因的生物学功能及可能参与其调控的转录因子。构建GSE64554数据集中EAT的加权基因共表达网络（WGCNA）,获取同CAD表型相关的基因模块,将所获EAT间DEGs与模...     

Prominent intrasinusoidal infiltration of the bone marrow by mantle cell lymphoma

Intrasinusoidal infiltration of bone marrow (BM) may accompany several malignant lymphoproliferative disorders. In small B-cell lymphomas, this pattern is considered specific for splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) when exclusive or prominent, although it may occur in other subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) as a minor feature. Here we report 2 cases of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) with a prominent intrasinusoidal BM infiltration pattern. Both patients presented with massive splenomegaly and peripheral blood involvement characterized by markedly atypical lymphocytes, but no lymphadenopathy. The cytological features and the phenotype of the lymphoma cells were diagnostic of MCL. The malignant B cells showed coexpression of B-cell markers (CD20+ and CD79a+), CD5 antigen, and cyclin D1 by immunohistochemistry. We discuss the specificity of an intrasinusoidal growth pattern in the bone marrow, emphasizing the importance of using a broader immunohistochemical panel in the differential diagnosis of intrasinusoidal BM infiltration by NHL.     

苦瓜抗兔动脉粥样硬化实验研究

目的：在证实苦瓜蛋白有抗炎、抗氧化作用的基础上，在兔动脉粥样硬化AS模型上，研究苦瓜是否有抗动脉粥样硬化作用。方法：新西兰兔分为3组，即正常组（正常兔饲料），AS模型组（正常兔饲料中含2％的胆固醇），苦瓜组（正常兔饲料中含2％的胆固醇和1.5％的苦瓜果肉）。90 d后处死动物，测定血脂及动脉壁总胆固醇含量，观察脂肪肝、主动脉粥样病变，综合评价苦瓜的抗动脉粥样硬化作用。结果：苦瓜组血清总胆固醇、LDL-C、血管壁总胆固醇均显著低于AS模型组，但TG水平与AS模型组差异不明显；苦瓜组HDL-C水平显著低于正常组；苦瓜组粥样病变面积、内膜厚度、I/M比值及脂肪肝程度均显著低于AS模型组。结论：苦瓜果肉有一定抗动脉粥样硬化作用。     

Are thrombocyte membranes altered in Alzheimer''s disease? A morphometric and biochemical study

Morphometric analysis of thrombocytes from patients with Alzheimer's disease, from patients with multi-infarct dementia, and from young and agematched healthy control donors, did not reveal any Alzheimer-related increase in internal membranes. Biochemical analysis showed a reduced cholesterol content of thrombocyte membrane preparations from Alzheimer patients relative to age-matched controls, but not relative to multi-infarct dementia patients. Overall distribution of protein kinase C activity (PKC) between cytosol and membrane, in resting as well as in activated thrombocytes from Alzheimer patients, was similar to that in the control groups. However, both Alzheimer and multi-infarct dementia patients had lower cytosolic levels of basal kinase and PKC activities than age-matched controls, while only Alzheimer patients had lower cytoskeletal PKC activity than controls.     

Neutrophilic granulocytes are the predominant cell type infiltrating pancreatic islets in contact with ABO-compatible blood

The poor outcome of intraportal islet transplantation may be explained by the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), characterized by islet entrapment in blood clots, leucocyte infiltration and disruption of islet morphology. Here we employ a newly developed in vitro system to identify the blood cells involved in this process. Islets were mixed with ABO-compatible blood in heparinized tubes and incubated for various times up to 6 h. Clots were analysed immunohistochemically for detection of platelets (CD41a), leucocytes/lymphocytes (CD11b), granulocytes (CD16, lysozyme), neutrophilic granulocytes (neutrophil elastase), eosinophilic granulocytes (NaCN + H(2)O(2)), macrophages (CD68), dendritic cells (CD209/DC-SIGN), B cells (CD20) and T cells (CD4, CD8). Platelets were rapidly deposited around the islets in contact with the blood, reaching a maximum by 30 min. The first neutrophilic granulocytes appeared in the islets after 15 min, increased at 1 h and peaked at 2 h. Small numbers of macrophages were found infiltrating the islets already after 5 min, with a slight increase over time. However, control stainings of cultured islets and pancreas biopsies identified these cells as being largely of donor origin. No T cells, B cells, dendritic cells or eosinophilic granulocytes were detected during the 6 h observation time. Neutrophilic granulocytes were identified as the main infiltrating blood cell in islets exposed to blood, implying that these cells play a key role in clinical islet transplantation. Because islets are known to be exquisitely susceptible to oxidative stress, development of drugs targeting neutrophilic cytotoxicity could markedly improve the outcome of islet transplantation.     

Expression of interleukin-18 by nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells: a factor that possibly initiates the massive leukocyte infiltration

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a single-chain cytokine that is produced by various cells. With interleukin-12 (IL-12), it synergistically stimulates activated T cells and natural killer (NK) cells to produce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common form of nasal and nasopharyngeal malignancy, and in NPC tumor tissues there is an intense leukocyte infiltration comprising predominantly T cells and macrophages. We previously showed an increased expression of IFN-gamma in the infiltrating T cells. To identify the cells that provide IL-12 and IL-18 for stimulating the expression of IFN-gamma in activated T cells, NPC cell lines CNE-2 and HK-1, as well as biopsies obtained from NPC and control individuals, were examined. CNE-2 and HK-1 cells were found to express messenger RNA encoding IL-18, but not IL-12. Secreted IL-18 was detected in the culture supernatant. Addition of a caspase-1 inhibitor decreased the secretion level, indicating that this IL-18 secretion was caspase-1 dependent. Moreover, the in vitro IL-18 production in NPC cell lines correlated with the NPC tumor cells in situ. NPC tumor cells in the biopsies produced IL-18, as detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent double staining. In contrast, IL-18 expression was not observed in the control biopsies. We suggest that IL-18 secreted by NPC tumor cells plays a role in initiating the leukocyte infiltration process. IL-18 stimulates T cells and NK cells to produce IFN-gamma, which consequently activates macrophages and other immune cells to secrete chemokines to start a leukocyte recruitment cascade.