6-氨基己酸和抑肽酶减少心瓣膜置换术术后出血的对比研究

目的对比研究6-氨基己酸和抑肽酶对减少心瓣膜置换术患者术后出血的效果，观察6-氨基己酸是否可能导致患者术后血栓形成及对肾功能的影响。方法79例心瓣膜置换术患者随机分为两组，6-氨基己酸组（39例）和抑肽酶组（40例），术中分别给予6-氨基己酸和抑肽酶；记录和计算两组患者术后24h内心包纵隔引流量／体表面积、输血量；测定术前、术中主动脉开放后、术后72h外周血D-二聚体和α2-抗纤溶酶水平；测定及计算术后72h与术前血浆肌酐清除率差（ACrCl72），术后72h与术前血浆肌酐清除率变化率（％△CrCl72）；观察围手术期有无血栓及栓塞发生。结果术后24h内心包纵隔引流量／体表面积比值6-氨基己酸组明显高于抑肽酶组（P=0．019），但两组患者术后输血量差别不明显（P〉0．05）。术前、术后72h两组患者血浆D-二聚体和α2-抗纤溶酶之间的差别无统计学意义（P=0．960，0．485），术中主动脉开放后抑肽酶组患者血浆D-二聚体和α2-抗纤溶酶均高于6-氨基己酸组（P=0．001，0．000）。两组患者的△CrCl72差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组患者术后均未观察到血栓形成或者栓塞。结论6-氨基己酸对减少心瓣膜置换术患者术后出血的有效性虽不及抑肽酶，但不增加术后输血量；剂量适当亦不会导致血栓形成和明显的肾损害。     

体外循环期间抑肽酶不同给药方式对血小板保护的临床研究

目的：探讨抑肽酶不同给药方式对体外循环（CPB）期间血小板功能的保护效果。方法：选择心脏瓣膜置换术患者20例，在CPB围手术期给予抑肽酶5-8万U/kg，按给药方式不同随机分为2组，对照组在预充液中一次性给药，试验组于麻醉诱导后、机器预充液中、停机后分别给药1/3量。分别于肝素化后10min、CPB30min、主动脉开放时、CPB结束时、CPB结束后2h几个时点，定量检测α-颗粒蛋白（GMP-140）、血栓烷B2(TXB2)、11-去氢-血栓烷B2(DH-TXB2)、血小板计数及术后第一天的胸腔积液量、手术过程的输血量等指标，运用SPSS软件包进行统计学分析。结果：肝素化后10min、CPB结束时、CPB结束后2h，对照组血小板计数较试验组明显减少；GMP-140、TXB2、DH-TXB2在主动脉开放前两组无差异，开放后至术后2h对照组明显高于试验组，术后第一天的出血量及手术的总输血量也明显少于对照组。结论：CPB围术期持续给予抑肽酶对血小板功能的保护优于自机器预充液中一次性给药。     

Cardiac and pleuropulmonary AL amyloid imaging with technetium-99m labelled aprotinin

Antiproteases are known to be present in amyloid deposits. We evaluated the possibility of using an anti-serine protease (aprotinin) labelled with technetium-99m (TcA), usually employed as a cortical renal tracer, for the imaging of amyloid deposits. Because of the known high uptake of TcA by the kidneys, we limited our analysis to extra-abdominal amyloid localizations. We report the scintigraphic findings observed in 24 patients with light chain amyloidosis (AL) and one with a hereditary form who were known or suspected to have extra-abdominal involvement. Planar scans obtained 100 min after i.v. TcA administration showed myocardial accumulation in 11 patients, pleuropulmonary accumulation in nine, pericardial accumulation in two and localization in the neck region (thyroid, salivary glands and tongue) in eight. TcA scintigraphy was negative in five patients without clinical or laboratory evidence of extraabdominal involvement, as well as in 12 control group patients with cardiac and renal diseases. These preliminary results indicate TcA to be a low-cost, readily available radiopharmaceutical for imaging of extra-abdominal involvement in AL type amyloidosis.     

Sacrococcygeal teratoma: improved haemostasis after aprotinin?

A neonate underwent resection of an extensive sacrococcygeal teratoma after receiving a bolus of 40,000 Kallikrein Inhibitory Units of aprotinin at induction of anaesthesia. The measured blood loss was 30 ml, less than 10% of blood volume, and was replaced with an intravenous colloid solution, avoiding blood transfusion. The blood loss was low compared to previous resections of similar sacrococcygeal teratomas (mean 118 ml, range 60–250 ml) and suggests that aprotinin may be beneficial in blood conservation during extensive dissections in infants.     

Administration of high-dose aprotinin during nonprimary cardiovascular surgery: Case reports and review of the literature

The perioperative management of two patients undergoing complex “redo” cardiac surgical procedures are presented. The management of both patients included the prophylactic administration of aprotinin via a “compassionate use” protocol. Aprotinin, a serine protease inhibitor, has been shown to limit the exposure to blood and blood products in patients undergoing high-risk cardiac surgical procedures. In late December 1993, the Food and Drug Administration approved aprotinin for administration to cardiac surgical patients considered at high risk for post-cardiopulmonary bypass coagulopathies. Indications for the administration of aprotinin, as well as a brief review of the literature relating to the perioperative administration of aprotinin, are included.     

抑肽酶,潘生丁在体外循环中应用比较的研究

在体外循环心脏直视手术的２０只绵羊的动物实验模型中应用丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂──抑肽酶，并与潘生丁作比较，通过测定ＴＸＡ２及ＰＧＩ２的变化，血小板超微结构的改变，以及术中术后的观察，证实抑肽酶确能有效地保护血小板功能，减轻血小板的激活释放及损耗，维护正常健全的凝血机制，达到明显减少术中术后出血与渗血之目的。     

抑肽酶对骨肉瘤手术患者围术期凝血功能的影响

目的探讨抑肽酶对骨肉瘤手术患者围术期凝血功能的影响。方法骨肉瘤手术患者20例随机分为抑肽酶组和对照组,各10例。抑肽酶组抑肽酶首量1×106kU,维持量0.25×106kU/h持续静脉泵注射至术毕,对照组泵注0.9%氯化钠溶液。手术前和手术开始后1h采集颈内静脉血检测凝血功能,包括凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、血栓弹力扫描仪（TEG）的反应时间（R）等。结果手术开始后1h抑肽酶组患者的PT、APTT、TT、R均较对照组短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论骨肉瘤手术中应用抑肽酶能有效改善围术期凝血功能,减少术中出血量。     

Aprotinin attenuates the elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance after cardiopulmonary bypass

Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is generally believed to be elevated after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) due to whole body inflammation. Aprotinin has an antiinflammatory action, and it was hypothesized that aprotinin would attenuate the PVR increase induced by CPB. Ten mongrel dogs were placed under moderately hypothermic CPB for 2 hr. The experimental animals were divided into a control group (n=5, group I) and an aprotinin group (n=5, group II). In group II, aprotinin was administered during pre-bypass (50,000 KIU/kg) and post-bypass (10,000 KIU/kg) periods. Additional aprotinin (50,000 KIU/kg) was mixed in CPB priming solution. PVRs at pre-bypass and post-bypass 0, 1, 2, 3 hr were calculated, and lung tissue was obtained after the experiment. Post-bypass PVRs were significantly higher than prebypass levels in all animals (n=10, p<0.001). PVR elevation in group II was less than in group I at 3 hr post-bypass (p=0.0047). Water content of the lung was lower in group II (74+/-9.4%) compared to that of group I (83+/-9.5%), but the difference did not reach significance (p=0.076). Pathological examination showed a near normal lung structure in group II, whereas various inflammatory reactions were observed in group I. We concluded that aprotinin may attenuate CPB-induced PVR elevation through its anti-inflammatory effect.     

Requirements for transfusion and postoperative outcomes in orthotopic liver transplantation：A meta-analysis on aprotinin

AIM：To study the effect of aprotinin used in orthotopic liver transplantation （OLT） on the intraoperative requirement for blood products and on the incidence of laparotomy for bleeding, thrombotic events and mortality.
METHODS： A systematic review of the literature in the electronic database Medline and the Clinic Trials Registry Database was performed. Literature that did not fit our study were excluded. Patients in the reviewed studies were divided into two groups; one group used aprotinin （aprotinin group） while the other did not （control group）. The data in the literature that fit our requirements were recorded. Weighted mean differences （WMD） in the requirements for blood products between the aprotinin group and the control group were tested using a fixed effect model. A Z test was performed to examine their reliability; the Fleiss method of fixed effect model was used to analyze data on postoperative events, and odds ratios （ORs） were tested and merged.
RESULTS： Seven citations were examined in our study. Among them, a requirement for blood products was reported in 4 studies including 321 patients, while postoperative events were reported in 5 studies including 477 patients. The requirement for red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma in the aprotinin group was statistically lower than that in the control group （WMD=-1.80 units, 95% CI,-3.38 to-0.22; WMD=-3.99 units, 95% CI,-6.47 to-1.50, respectively）. However, no significant difference was indicated in the incidence of laparotomy for bleeding, thrombotic events and mortality between the two groups. Analysis on blood loss, anaphylactic reactions and renal function was not performed in this study due to a lack of sufficient information.
CONCLUSION： Aprotinin can reduce the intraoperative requirement for blood products in OLT, and has no significant effect on the incidence of laparotomy for bleeding, thrombotic events and mortality.     

氨甲环酸减少体外循环心脏手术后失血的作用及与抑肽酶的比较研究

目的 观察氨甲环酸减少体外循环（ＣＰＢ）心脏手术后失血的作用,探讨其其作用机制,并与抑肽酶比较。方法 随机选取ＰＣＢ心脏手术病人３０例,分为氨甲环酸用药组（ＴＡ组,１０例）,抑肽酶用药组（ＡＰ组,１０例）和对照组（Ｃ组,１０例）。于ＣＰＢ前、中、后２ｈ分别测定ｔ－ＰＡ和ＰＡＩ－Ｉ活性、ＴＸＢ２和６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α含量、ＡＤＰ诱导的血小板最大聚集率和血小板超微结构变化,记录各组术后纵隔心包引流