核电站周边饮用水中铀的电感耦合等离子体质谱分析

目的 掌握核电站周边地区饮用水中铀浓度的本底水平.方法 2009年6月至2010年3月,采集了江苏、浙江、辽宁、山东省境内4个核电站周边地区的水源水和自来水共106个水样,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法分析了样品中的铀含量,检出限为0.8 ng/L,加标回收率为100.9%.结果 所有样品的铀含量均小于世界卫生组织规定的15μg/L的限值.结论 水源水中铀浓度的顺序为辽宁>山东>江苏>浙江,自来水中铀浓度山东最高,浙江最低.

Abstract：

Objective To ascertain the concentrations of uranium in drinking water around nuclear power plants.Methods A total of 106 water samples were collected from June 2009 to March 2010 in Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Liaoning and Shandong provinces.Inductively coupled plasma-msgs spectrometry(ICPMS)was applied to determine uranium content in local water source and drinking water.The detection limit of U was 0.8 ng/L.The recovery was 100.9%.Results The uranium concentrations in all samples were less than 15μg/L which was the limit given by World Health Organization(WHO).Conclusions The concentration of uranium in water sources was as follows:Liaoning>Shandong>Jiangsu>Zhejiang.The concentration of uranium in drinking water W88 maximal in Shandong Province and minimal in Zhejiang Province.     

紫外荧光法测铀过程中影响因素的分析

目的 研究溶液pH值及Fe³⁺、Mn²⁺对铀酰离子荧光特性的影响。方法 采用紫外荧光法测量液体样品中的微量铀。结果 溶液pH值在3~10时对标准加入法测微量铀无明显影响;pH值为6左右时,单位铀浓度增长所对应的荧光增长计数最多,测量结果最接近标准值,pH值为13左右时已无法进行测量。Fe³⁺、Mn²⁺会熄灭铀的荧光,对测量产生负干扰,1 ng/mL铀溶液中Fe³⁺的最大允许量为10μg/mL,Mn²⁺的最大允许量为0.1 μg/mL;可通过预处理或适当稀释样品溶液的方法来降低Fe³⁺、Mn²⁺的干扰。结论 采用标准加入法测量时应尽量控制pH值在3~10之间;Fe³⁺、Mn²⁺与荧光增强剂形成的络合物会吸收紫外光,对铀的测量产生负干扰。当待测样品铀浓度超出测铀量程是测量结果偏高,无法得出准确结果。     

Retrospective exposure assessment for respirable and inhalable dust, crystalline silica and arsenic in the former German uranium mines of SAG/SDAG Wismut

OBJECTIVES: Starting shortly after the reunification of Germany and lasting up to the end of the 1990s, an extensive series of retrospective exposure investigations for the East German uranium mining industry was performed in order to provide information about the exposure situation of the miners towards respirable dust, inhalable dust, crystalline silica and heavy metals. It should provide the necessary information for legal compensation of miners with potential industrial diseases as well as for epidemiological research. METHODS: Extensive side-by-side measurements using original historic equipments as well as comprehensive evaluation of the time increments of specific jobs with respect to exposure relevant tasks were performed. After attributing average exposures to the tasks, shift exposures for the jobs could be calculated. RESULTS: By the end a comprehensive job exposure matrix for all underground jobs of the German uranium mining industry was developed for the components mentioned, including arsenic where relevant. In the early days of SAG/SDAG Wismut dust and silica exposures were extremely high with respirable dust up to 20 mg/m(3) and respirable crystalline silica well above 2 mg/m(3) as shift averages. Beginning from about the early 1960s dust control measures started to improve conditions dramatically. CONCLUSIONS: It is absolutely necessary to invest sufficient effort for the estimation of exposure situations of past technological environments. Especially, the situation of early mechanised mining, characterised by low ventilation, dry drilling techniques and generally lacking dust control measures was characterized by extreme shift exposures. It is important to keep these in mind when metal mining exposure in different environments is considered.     

Uranium extraction from aqueous solutions by ionic liquids

For determining natural levels of ²³⁶U with its environmental abundance of 10⁻¹⁶% rather large sample volumes (30 L) are necessary, therefore the conventional radiochemical uranium analysis (pre-concentration and column chromatography) is very time consuming. To speed up the procedure hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) were evaluated as a potential extraction agent for uranium from aqueous solutions. High selectivity and efficiency for uranium compared to calcium and magnesium in natural water was achieved with tricaprylmethylammonium thiosalicylate, [A336][TS]. Uranium was stripped successfully from the investigated ILs with 2 M HNO₃.     

溶酶体膜通透化在铀诱导肾近端小管上皮细胞死亡中的作用及机制

目的:探究铀(Uranium, U)暴露诱导人肾近端小管上皮HK-2细胞溶酶体膜通透化(LMP)致细胞死亡的作用及机制。方法:以100、300、600 μmol/L铀染毒HK-2细胞24 h,分别采用DCFH-DA荧光探针法和MitoSOX荧光探针法检测不同浓度铀染毒的HK-2细胞内氧自由基(reactive oxyg...     

尿铀监测在内照射个人剂量估算中的应用

目的 探讨尿铀监测估算内照射个人剂量的适用条件,为核工业职业卫生管理和核燃料单位开展尿铀监测提供参考。方法 使用模拟计算的方法,分别推导了急性和慢性摄入铀化合物,致个人有效剂量分别为1 mSv/次和1 mSv/年时的尿铀水平,并以某厂无职业接触史职工上岗前尿铀监测结果为例,分析尿铀监测用于个人剂量估算的适用条件。结果 对于急性摄入的特殊监测,使用液体荧光法尿铀监测可以满足F类铀化合物、M类低浓铀和S类天然铀的探测限要求;对于常规监测,在监测周期较短时,仅F类低浓铀和M类天然铀可以满足探测限的要求,S类铀化合物不适宜将尿铀作为常规监测。结论 尿铀监测用于内照射个人剂量监测的评价或结果解释时,需考虑尿中铀本底含量的影响及监测方法的探测限要求。     

某铀矿10年监测资料分析和井下氡及其子体浓度的分布

目的了解某铀矿井下氡及其子体在10年间不同年份、不同季节、不同场所的分布规律,以便有针对性地采取井下降氡措施。方法收集1995~2004年间某铀矿井下氡及其子体浓度资料,计算平衡当量氡浓度及平衡因子F。结果主要工作面(一类)的氡及其子体浓度均高于辅助工作面(二类)(P<0.01),未通风时的氡浓度明显高于通风时的浓度(P<0.01)。铀矿井下氡及其子体浓度在夏季、秋季比春季、冬季高,5月和9月的水平接近年平均水平。在出碴、出矿、打钻和支柱等主要作业面的作业点处氡及其子体浓度较高。导出铀矿井下空气中年平均氡浓度为2 977 Bq/m3,测定样品中超过年平均浓度的占26%,平均平衡因子F=0.34。结论通风是降低井下氡及其子体浓度主要的有效方法。5月和9月是调查铀矿井下氡及其子体平均辐射水平可考虑的最佳季节。     

Comparative proteomics of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans grown in the presence and absence of uranium

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is an acidophile that thrives in metal-contaminated environments and tolerates high levels of uranium. To gain a better understanding of the processes involved in U(VI) resistance, comparative proteomics was used. The proteome of A. ferrooxidans was grown in the presence and absence of 0.5 mM U(VI); expression of 17 proteins was upregulated and one was downregulated. Most proteins with increased expression are part of the general stress response or are involved in reactive oxygen species detoxification. Four novel proteins showed increased expression in the presence of U(VI) and may contribute to U(VI) resistance via thiol homoeostasis and U(VI) binding.     

Analysis of uranium in the insoluble residues after decomposition of soil samples by various techniques

A comparison of different dissolution techniques for determination of uranium in soil samples was made. Conventional wet dissolution with mixtures of HNO₃, HClO₄ and HF acids, microwave dissolution using HNO₃ and HF, and alkaline fusion with Na₂CO₃ and Na₂O₂ were evaluated. For testing the effectiveness of the dissolution procedures, two reference materials and six soil samples from the surroundings of a former uranium mine were investigated. It was observed that the content of uranium in the residues determined by INAA represents a significant contribution to its total concentration in the sample, especially in the case of microwave dissolution.     

铀促排药物研究Ⅴ.一种带有膦酸及羧酸基团的酚型螯合剂的合成

由膦酸甲基甘氨酸与相应的取代酚,经Mannjch反应,得到了一类新的既含膦酸又含羧酸配位基团的酚型螯合剂。并试验了它们对铀的促排解毒效果,其中Ⅲ_j的效果最好。进一步药理试验正在进行中。