Immunoaffinity chromatography for purification of Salbutamol and Clenbuterol followed screening and confirmation by ELISA and GC-MS

Screening and confirmatory methods for the determination of Salbutamol (SAL) and Clenbuterol (CL) in swine urine were established. The polyclonal antibody against SAL was prepared, which was used to develop the indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the limit of detection of 0.5 ng/ml, and to prepare the immunoaffinity chromatography column. The immunoaffinity column could extract and purify SAL and CL simultaneously, with a binding capacity of 400 ng for SAL and 416 ng for CL. After purification, the swine urine samples were screened by ELISA for the presence of SAL and/or CL, and the positive samples were further confirmed and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that 95% of the positive samples were confirmed by GC-MS with various levels of SAL (1.1-4.6 ng/ml) and/or CL (1.9-229.1 ng/ml) residues in the incurred samples, and all the negative samples were confirmed with no SAL and/or CL residues.     

串联质谱分析干血滤纸片中酰基肉碱质控

目的：串联质谱技术是近几年应用于临床检验的新技术，具有特异性强、灵敏度高，一次试验可检测数十种物质的优点。本文通过对近4年的质控结果进行分析，探讨影响检测结果的因素及应对措施。方法：美国CDC每年提供4批酰基肉碱质控干血滤纸片，酰基肉碱检测方法为取直径为3mm的质控干血滤纸片放入96孔聚丙烯板，经含酰基肉碱内标的甲醇萃取，盐酸正丁醇衍生后，进行串联质谱检测。分析本实验室质控结果与美国CDC检测结果的偏差及其他实验室质控结果（169个实验室的均值）与美国CDC检测结果的偏差之间的差异。结果：本实验室每次质控结果所有酰基肉碱均在美国CDC检测结果95％可信区间内，且每一批结果的临床评价与美国CDC质控临床评价完全一致。本实验室质控结果与美国CDC检测结果的偏差与其他实验室质控结果与美国CDC检测结果的偏差比较，无显著差异，丙酰基肉碱差异显著（Z=-2．638，P〈0．005），戊二酰基肉碱差异亦显著（Z=-2．482，P〈0．005）。结论：本实验室酰基肉碱质控结果，达到美国CDC的质控要求，丙酰基肉碱检测值偏高，其阳性判断切割值设定也相应增高，而戊二酰基肉碱检测值偏低，其阳性判断切割值设定也相应降低。     

液相色谱质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)在天然化学成分分析中的应用Ⅰ.音喷离子化(SSI)与大气压化学离子化(APCI)对利血平的比较分析

报道应用 L C- MS/ MS,采用音喷离子化 (SSI)与大气压化学离子化 (APCI)对利血平的比较分析 ,应用这两种离子化方法比较所得的利血平的标准质谱 (MS)和二级质谱 (MS2 ) ,实验证明两种离子化方法所得结果完全一致     

Evaluation of Genetic Stability of Recombinant Human Factor VIII by Peptide Mapping and On-line Mass Spectrometric Analysis

Purpose. The genetic stability of a recombinant human factor VIII (rhFVIII) product expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells (Recombinate) has been evaluated through comparisons of the protein produced at the beginning, middle and end of a typical production campaign. Methods. Recombinant human factor VIII was incubated with thrombin, the resulting four polypeptides were isolated by RP-HPLC, subjected to proteolysis with trypsin, and the peptide mixtures were resolved by RP-HPLC. Tryptic peptide mixtures were subjected to online mass spectrometric analysis using an electrospray ionization source interfaced to a quadrupole mass analyzer scanning from 1950–200 amu, and the peptide ion data were compared for three lots produced from the beginning, middle and end of a production campaign. Results. The UV elution profiles for each of the rhFVIIIa polypeptides were highly similar for factor VIII isolated from the beginning, middle and end of production. Total ion data from the peptide maps derived from three lots of rhFVIII were compared by MH¹⁺ values as a function of scan range. A total of 918 ions were analyzed for the four polypeptides of rhFVIII produced at the beginning, middle and end of a production campaign. The ions were detected at the same relative retention times, as indicated by the similar scan numbers for the three lots. Conclusions. These observations support that rhFVIII preparations produced from the beginning, middle and end of a production campaign were highly similar, and demonstrate genetic stability in the manufacturing process of Recombinate.     

Use of Stable Isotopes for Evaluation of Drug Delivery Systems: Comparison of Ibuprofen Release in Vivo and in Vitro from Two Biphasic Release Formulations Utilizing Different Rate-Controlling Polymers

Certain delivery systems are intended to release the active ingredient in different phases to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. For these formulations, such as a bilayer tablet, it is desirable to distinguish and measure the release of drug from the different phases simultaneously. Mass spectrometric methods were developed to measure three ibuprofen isotopomers in serum and two in dissolution fluid. The analytical methods were linear (r 0.992) over the concentration range of interest and recovery was greater than 99.2% for all isotopomers. Coadministration of [²H₀]ibuprofen, [²H₄]ibuprofen, and [²H₇]ibuprofen to male beagles demonstrated that the isotopomers were bioequivalent and verified the absence of any kinetic isotope effect due to deuterium incorporation (p = 0.286). These methods were then used to evaluate a bilayer tablet formulation composed of an immediate release layer of 100 mg [²H₄]ibuprofen and a sustained release layer with a drug load of 300 mg [²H₀]ibuprofen. Two different rate-controlling polymer matrices that provided similar in vitro dissolution profiles were compared in the sustained release phase, while the immediate release formulation remained the same. In male beagles, the HPMC matrix delivered a significantly greater amount of ibuprofen (p < 0.05). The AUC was threefold greater for HPMC (1067 ± 437 nmole * h/ml) versus EUDRAGIT^® (320 ± 51), and C_max was nearly four times greater (145 ± 62.1 nmole/ml for HPMC versus 37.9 ± 14.4 for EUDRAGIT^®). Although T_max for HPMC (3.4 ± 1.9 h) lagged behind EUDRAGIT^® (2.0 ± 0.82 h), the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The immediate release layer was absorbed to the same extent as an oral solution (containing [²H₇]ibuprofen) that was administered concomitantly with the bilayer tablet. Using the stable isotope markers also demonstrated that the release rates of the two layers were independent of each other, both in vivo and in vitro. Stable isotope techniques are a useful tool in the development of biphasic release formulations since they can be used to determine proper drug load of each phase as well as the appropriate rate of release.     

GC-MS分析法在人参有机氯农药残留检测中的应用

以丙酮－饱和氯化钠溶液－石油醚的一步法提取分离技术制备样品溶液,采用ＧＣ－ＭＳ分析方法对人参中有机氯农药残留进行了测定。加标人参样品的测定结果表明：两个水平加标回收率：０．１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ添加水平时,除ＰＣＮＢ平均回收率为５８．３％,其它组分的平均回收率为７６．０％～９０．１％,相对标准差为９．３％～１５．０％;０．０５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ添加水平时,平均回收率为６２．３％～８７．２％,相对标准差为６．０％～２２．５％。应用本方法测定人参中有机氯农药残留,基本上满足了灵敏、快速、准确可靠的分析方法要求     

UV spectrometric and DC polarographic studies on apigenin and luteolin

Remarks on polyphenolic compounds has been arisen since past few years. The flavonoids appears to be the important groups of compounds with their capability to inhibit DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, to quench free radicals and, at least, anticarcinogenic and antiproliferative effects. On the other hand, their mechanism of action is still unexplained. Apigenin and luteolin are the most wide-spread flavones and they exhibited to be useful in chemoprevention. UV spectrometric and DC polarographic studies on these two compounds have been carried out with regard to changing pH. The most significant changes were observed at basic pH. These results could aid to elucidation of their mechanism of action as pH is one of the important factors for bioprocesses passing in living organisms.     

Atomic absorption spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis

A short review of the principles of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) — sources, atomizers, background correction, instrumentation, sample preparation, sensitivity, limit of detection, etc. — is given. The technique can be applied for impurity tests for trace metals as well as for assay of various commonly occurring elements in pharmaceuticals. The application of AAS in pharmaceutical analysis is illustrated with 17 examples.     

In vitro and in vivo uptake of nickel sulfides by rat lymphocytes

The uptake, the biological transformation and the interaction with cellular constituents of Ni₃S₂ and NiS have been studied in vitro and in vivo on rat lymphocytes. NiS crystals are phagocytized in vitro and no structural degradation is observed within the first 3 days of exposure. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) reveals a slight dissolution characterized by the loss of sulfur. Ni₃S₂ is degraded in the extracellular space to minute particles (50–100 nm) covering the cell membrane. Smaller intracellular particles (10–30 nm) are found selectively bound to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi vesicles, nuclear membranes, and the euchromatinic part of nuclei. EDS analyses reveal that the particles bound to cell membranes and euchromatin no longer contain sulfur but phosphorus and nickel as inorganic compounds. This observation suggests the formation of a Ni/P complex with the phosphate groups either of membranous phospholipids or of nuclear RNA or DNA. A similar uptake and transformation process of Ni₃S₂ is observed on lymphocytes after in vivo incubation. This leads us to consider lymphocytes as target cells, as compared with other cell types where the Ni₃S₂ uptake occurs only partially. The present findings show a difference of uptake and biological transformation between Ni₃S₂ and NiS. The identical results obtained after in vitro and in vivo bioassays enhance the in vitro experiments, at least for this cell type.     

The Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Human Relaxins in Rhesus Monkeys

Two forms of chemically synthesized human relaxin (hRlx and hRlx-2) were administered as 88 µg/kg intravenous bolus doses to pregnant and nonpregnant rhesus monkeys. No significant differences in pharmacokinetics were observed between pregnant and nonpregnant animals for either form of relaxin; however, clearance of hRlx (3.1–3.4 ml/min/kg) was significantly slower than clearance of hRlx-2 (6.2–6.5 ml/min/kg) in both pregnant and nonpregnant animals. Although the terminal half-lives for hRlx and hRlx-2 were similar (148–157 min), the initial and steady-state volumes of distribution were somewhat larger for hRlx-2 (71–85 and 398–418 ml/kg, respectively) than for hRlx (61–65 and 294–319 ml/kg, respectively). The metabolism of hRlx-2 was also investigated in pregnant and non-pregnant rhesus monkeys after iv bolus (0.44 mg/kg) or 60-min infusion (1.1 mg/kg) administration. Fast atom bombardment mass spectral analysis of the relaxin immunoreactivity isolated from the plasma indicated that hRlx-2 was partially degraded by removal of amino acids from the C terminus of the B chain. The percentage of intact material declined over a 60-min time course. At 60 min post-dose, intact hRlx-2 was 46–64% of the detected material. Degraded forms representing loss of one and four amino acids (hRlx) from the C terminus of the B chain were 11–13 and 19–34% of the detectable material, respectively.