Diuretic and antidiuretic diuretic of the leaf extracts of Vernonia cinerea (Less) (Fam. Compositae)

The diuretic and anti-diuretic potency of the leaf extracts of Vernonia cinerea was studied in albino rats. The chloroform extract of the leaf induced significant diuresis, while the methanol and aqueous extracts induced significant antidiuresis in rats. In both cases, the observed effects on urine volume and electrolyte excretion were dose dependent. The trend was a significant increase (in the case of diuresis) in natriuretic and kaliuretic activity and a significant decrease (in the case of antidiuresis) in natriuresis and kaliuresis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Allatostatin-like-immunoreactive neurons of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta,and isolation and identification of a new neuropeptide related to cockroach allatostatins

The YXFGLamide C-terminus serves to define most members of a family of structurally related neuropeptides, the YXFGLamides. These peptides have been identified from the nervous system of various insects and include the allatostatins of cockroaches and crickets, the schistostatins of locusts, and the callatostatins of blowflies. The YXFGLamides have been shown to have various functions, including inhibition of juvenile hormone biosynthesis in cockroaches and crickets and inhibition of contraction of certain insect visceral muscles. We wanted to know if these peptides occur in Manduca sexta and what functions they might have. A new peptide, AKSYNFGLamide, was isolated and identified from M. sexta and has been named “lepidostatin-1”; this is the first YXFGLamide to be found in a lepidopteran, and there are indications that additional YXFGLamides occur in M. sexta. An antiserum to cockroach allatostatins (YXFGLamides) was shown to recognize lepidostatin-1 of M. sexta and was used to map YXFGLamide-immunoreactive neurons in larvae. Because immunoreactive interneurons were found to form an extensive neuropil, YXFGLamides probably function as neuromodulators in M. sexta. Neuroendocrine cells in the brain, abdominal ganglia, and their respective neurohemal organs were YXFGLamide immunoreactive and appear to release YXFGLamides as neurohormones. Immunoreactivity to YXFGLamides and M. sexta diuretic hormone were found to be colocalized and appear to be coreleased in these neuroendocrine cells, indicating that YXFGLamides may be involved in regulation of fluid transport. Innervation of the corpora allata by YXFGLamide-immunoreactive processes was very sparse, suggesting that this innervation does not play an important role in allatostasis. Many thoracic motor neurons were YXFGLamide immunoreactive, suggesting that YXFGLamides may have a myomodulatory or myotrophic function in larvae. However, this immunoreactivity disappeared early in metamorphosis and did not reappear in the adult. The YXFGLamide-immunoreactive neurons in the terminal abdominal ganglion were found to innervate the hindgut, indicating that YXFGLamides may be involved in the control of the rate of myogenic contractions of the larval hindgut. J. Comp. Neurol. 385:265–284, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Investigation of the effects of BTS 67 582, a novel antidiabetic agent,in the beagle dog

BTS 67 582 stimulates insulin release and causes dose‐dependent glucose‐lowering activity in the conscious beagle dog. Plasma glucose levels were lowered within 1 h and were maximally reduced by 53.2± 2.7% 2–3 h after oral dosing with 90 μmol/kg BTS 67 582 (equivalent to 22.5 mg/kg as the free base). A dose of BTS 67 582 causing a 25% (ED₂₅) reduction of plasma glucose was calculated as 24.7 μmol/kg. No effect on the urinary excretion of glucose was observed (except for a marginal increase at the highest dose tested, 90 μmol/kg BTS 67 582). Insulin‐stimulated glucose disposal is, therefore, the most likely cause of the glucose‐lowering effect of BTS 67 582. BTS 67 582 significantly increased urine flow by 1.9‐ and 2.2‐fold and sodium excretion by 2.8‐ and 2.9‐fold by BTS 67 582 at 30 and 90 μmol/kg, respectively, without increased potassium excretion. In separate studies, increases in the urinary clearance of both creatinine and p‐aminohippuric acid were observed with BTS 67 582 at 90 μmol/kg, indicating that changes in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow, respectively, may have contributed to this diuretic effect. BTS 67 582 had no effect on blood pressure or heart rate. In conclusion, in the conscious beagle dog BTS 67 582 stimulates insulin secretion, causes dose‐dependent lowering in plasma glucose, and also possesses mild eukalemic diuretic properties. Drug Dev. Res. 47:137–143, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Adult‐specific insulin‐producing neurons in Drosophila melanogaster

Holometabolous insects undergo metamorphosis to reorganize their behavioral and morphological features into adult‐specific ones. In the central nervous system (CNS), some larval neurons undergo programmed cell death, whereas others go through remodeling of axonal and dendritic arbors to support functions of re‐established adult organs. Although there are multiple neuropeptides that have stage‐specific roles in holometabolous insects, the reorganization pattern of the entire neuropeptidergic system through metamorphosis still remains largely unclear. In this study, we conducted a mapping and lineage tracing of peptidergic neurons in the larval and adult CNS by using Drosophila genetic tools. We found that Diuretic hormone 44‐producing median neurosecretory cells start expressing Insulin‐like peptide 2 in the pharate adult stage. This neuronal cluster projects to the corpora cardiaca and dorsal vessel in both larval and adult stages, and also innervates an adult‐specific structure in the digestive tract, the crop. We propose that the adult‐specific insulin‐producing cells may regulate functions of the digestive system in a stage‐specific manner. Our study provides a neuroanatomical basis for understanding remodeling of the neuropeptidergic system during insect development and evolution.     

4种茶叶水提物的利尿作用

目的比较研究绿茶、乌龙茶、红茶和普洱茶水提物的利尿作用。方法分别灌胃给予生理盐水负荷大鼠0.5 g.kg-1和1.0 g.kg-1剂量的4种茶叶水提物,测定大鼠4 h尿量及尿液中Na+、K+排泄量。结果与模型对照组比较,4种茶叶水提物均能使大鼠4 h尿量及尿液中Na+排泄量显著增加,但对尿液中K+排泄量的影响则有所不同,其中乌龙茶和红茶水提物均能使大鼠尿液中K+排泄量显著增加,而绿茶和普洱茶水提物对尿液中K+排泄量无显著性影响。结论 4种茶叶水提物均有明显的利尿作用,其中普洱茶的利尿作用与氢氯噻嗪相当,但对尿液中K+排泄量无显著性影响,可避免噻嗪类利尿药常见副作用—低钾血症的发生,是一种具有较好利尿功能的健康茶饮。     

麻黄-甘草药对利尿作用的定量评价

目的:观察麻黄-甘草药对的利尿作用,定量评价麻黄和甘草的相互作用。方法:采用麻黄-甘草药对对正常大鼠排尿量的实验观察利尿作用,应用Q值法分析两者相互作用。结果:麻黄-甘草1:0 1.86 g生药/kg灌胃,能促进大鼠排尿。麻黄-甘草5个配比均能明显增加排尿量。药对2:1,4:1配伍,麻黄和甘草表现出拮抗作用;1:1,1:2,1:4配伍则为单纯相加作用。结论:在固定麻黄用量的情况下,麻黄-甘草药对随着甘草用量增加,利尿作用增强,呈现配伍优势。     

麻黄-甘草药对的抗炎、利尿作用研究

目的:观察麻黄-甘草药对的抗炎、利尿作用。方法:采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀实验、醋酸致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加实验、角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀、大鼠棉球肉芽肿实验观察麻黄-甘草药对的抗炎作用;采用麻黄-甘草药对对正常大鼠排尿量及电解质排泄的影响观察其利尿作用。结果:麻黄-甘草药对22.4、11.2、5.6g/kg灌胃,均能抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳肿胀;11.2g生药/kg、22.4g生药/kg灌胃,能抑制醋酸所致的小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加;22.4g生药/kg能抑制角叉菜胶注射后3h,5h,7h的大鼠足肿胀和大鼠棉球肉芽肿形成、增加大鼠排尿量及尿液中K+的排泄。结论:麻黄-甘草药对有抗炎、利尿作用。     

不同产地泽泻盐炙前后成分差异及利尿作用的研究

目的:通过研究不同产地泽泻盐炙前后水提液中成分及其利尿作用的差异,探讨盐炙泽泻利尿作用与成分变化之间的关系.方法:利用代谢笼法研究不同产地泽泻盐炙前后水提液对正常大鼠利尿作用的影响.采用SD大鼠,分为6组,即空白对照组(蒸馏水),阳性对照组(呋噻米,48 mg· kg -),不同产地泽泻生品组(按生药量计10 g·kg-1),不同产地泽泻盐炙品高、中、低剂量组(10,5,2.5 g·kg-1).ig,20 mL· kg -,给药后每隔1h分别收集并记录尿量1次,共8h.利用薄层色谱法和高效液相色谱法比较不同产地泽泻盐炙前后水提液的成分差异.结果:薄层色谱结果显示不同产地的泽泻生品成分种类与含量有较大差异,盐炙后成分的种类与含量发生较大改变.高效液相色谱结果表明泽泻成分有4个主要峰,但不同产地泽泻盐炙前后各主要峰的峰面积无明显差异.大鼠代谢笼法结果表明,福建产泽泻盐炙前后均能明显减少正常大鼠排尿量(P＜0.05),最大抑制率达60.2％;江西产泽泻生品对正常大鼠排尿量无明显影响,而盐炙品能明显减少正常大鼠排尿量(P＜0.05),最大抑制率为72.6％;广西和四川产泽泻盐炙前后均能明显增加正常大鼠排尿量(P＜0.05),最大增加率分别为64.8％,56.6％.结论:不同产地的泽泻盐炙前后水提物成分发生改变可能是其利尿作用差异的主要原因.     

利尿剂治疗肝硬化腹水疗效的部分影响因素分析

目的探讨利尿剂治疗肝硬化腹水疗效的部分影响因素。方法收集93例肝硬化腹水患者的临床相关指标,通过单因素分析和Logistic回归分析,分析临床各项指标与利尿剂治疗肝硬化腹水疗效的关系。结果在利尿剂治疗肝硬化腹水有效和无效组中,肝硬化并发症、肝功能分级、血电解质水平、尿量、血肌酐水平和腹水程度比较差异具有显著性(P<0.05);将具有显著性差异的影响因素纳入Logistic回归模型,结果显示,肝硬化腹水利尿剂治疗有效的主要预测因素为肝功能分级(P=0.006,OR=0.326)和血肌酐水平(P=0.044,OR=0.169)。结论肝功能分级和血肌酐水平是影响肝硬化腹水利尿剂疗效的重要因素。