Guanidinium-carboxylate interactions

The crystal structures of the 1:1 complexes methylguanidinium benzylhydrogenmalonate, (C₂N₃H₈)⁺(C₁₀H₉O₄)^?, MGD.BMAL, and methylguanidinium ethylhydrogenmalonate, (C₂N₃H₈)⁺(C₅H₇O₄)^?, MGD.EMAL, and of the 2:1 complex methylguanidinium sulfate, (C₂N₃H₈)₂SO₄, have been determined from three-dimensional X-ray data. For MGD.BMAL, the complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group P with two formula units in a cell of dimensions a = 6.277(5), b = 8.470(3), c = 13.191(6)Å, α= 91.01(1), β= 99.64(9), γ= 90.83(5)°. The structure has been refined to a final value of R = 0.061 based on 1511 intensities. The MGD.EMAL complex is also triclinic, space group P with two molecules in a cell of dimensions a = 9.254(7), b = 9.625(6), c = 6.778(2) Å, α= 109.6(1), β= 100.8(1), γ= 62.7(1)Å. The crystals of this compound are of low quality, and the final value is R = 0.109 based on 706 intensities. (MGD)₂SO₄ is orthorhombic, space group P2₁2₁2₁, with four molecules in a cell of dimensions a = 7.100(4), b = 12.151(3), c = 13.108(2) Å. Refinement has converged to R = 0.054 based on 907 data. All three crystals exhibit extensive interionic hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonding in MGD.BMAL includes a Type B interaction and a Type 1 interaction, the latter being a pairwise interaction from both amino nitrogen atoms on the cation to two carboxylate oxygen atoms from the two different carboxylate groups in an anion. In MGD.EMAL, the anion participates in both a Type A and a Type B pairwise interaction with two neighboring cations. The possible implications of the hydrogen bonding patterns in these two compounds for the role of arginyl side chains in protection of γ-carboxyglutamate residues from decarboxylation are discussed.     

Effects of SITS on urate transport by isolated,perfused snake renal tubules

Effects of an inhibitor of membrane anion-exchange transport processes, 4-acetamido-4-isothiocyano-2,2-disulfonic stilbene (SITS), on urate transport by isolated, perfused snake (Thamnophis spp.) proximal renal tubules were studied. SITS (10^–4 mol/l) in the luminal perfusate had absolutely no effect on net urate secretion (J _urate ^net ) or on net fluid absorption (J _v). This observation is compatible with other data that give no support to the concept of a mediated transport step for urate from the cells to the lumen. SITS (10^–4 mol/l) in the bathing medium reversibly inhibitedJ _urate ^net without affectingJ _v. At the time of maximum inhibition ofJ _urate ^net , the concentration of urate in the cell water was increased and the apparent permeability of the luminal membrane to urate was decreased, but the urate efflux across the peritubular membrane and the apparent permeability of the peritubular membrane to urate were unchanged. There was no evidence of significant intracellular binding or trapping of urate. Although an increase in the initial rate of urate transport into the cells across the peritubular membrane could not be demonstrated conclusively in nonperfused tubules, the results still suggest that SITS in the bathing medium may inhibitJ _urate ^net by inhibiting urate movement from the cells to the lumen while actually enhancing transport from the bathing medium into the cells.     

Renal urate transport during variations in urate synthesis in the rat

Summary In order to determine the effect of intrarenal synthesis of urate upon the urinary urate excretion in the rat, we effected large changes in urate synthesis by increasing it with hypoxanthine and decreasing it with allopurinol. Hypoxanthine infusion increased plasma urate rapidly and also increased the urinary urate excretion and its renal clearance. However, when the plasma urate was maintained constant, hypoxanthine had no effect upon renal urate transport. Conversely, allopurinol infusion rapidly diminished the plasma urate, urinary urate excretion and its renal clearance. Again, the maintenance of a constant plasma urate concentration prevented any change in urate transport during allopurinol. The urinary degradative purine metabolite pattern was altered pre-dictably by hypoxanthine and allopurinol. Assuming that any putative intrarenal component of urate synthesis would be affected predictably and consistently by hypoxanthine and allopurinol, these results suggest that changes in intrarenal urate synthesis are not an important determinant of urate excretion in the rat.Reported in abstract form in Clinical Research23, 508 A (1975)     

Stereological analysis of Reinke's crystals in human Leydig cells

Summary Reinke's crystals in human Leydig cells were analyzed stereologically to assess their functional role. Testicular tissues were taken from seven older men (57–82 years old) with prostatic carcinoma and also from seven younger men (26–38 y.o.) complaining of male infertility. Sections 0.5 m thick, stained with toluidine blue or Heidenhein's iron-hematoxylin were examined by a point-counting method and with a Particle Measurement Computor System (MC). When the patients were grouped by age, the mean crystal volume, the number of crystals per cell, the volume of crystals per cell and the volume ratio of crystals to cell were significantly larger in the older age group than in the younger age group. In particular, the latter three variables correlated well with the age of subjects, with correlation coefficients of r=0.66–0.85. On the other hand, none of these variables had any correlation with the concentration of plasma testosterone. These results indicate that Reinke's crystals can be considered as degenerative products in cell life but not as facultative constituents for testosterone production.Supported in part by a grant from Medical Foundation of Ehime, Japan     

Nature and significance of calcium oxalate crystals in normal human thyroid gland

To elucidate the significance and nature of calcium oxalate crystals in the thyroid, we studied these crystals clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically in 182 normal thyroids from patients autopsied within 5 h of death. Under polarized light, calcium oxalate crystals showed brilliant birefringence and were invariably found within the colloid. The crystals were found in 73.1% of all cases but were more prevalent and denser in older individuals, with the highest prevalence (85.2%) being observed in those over 70 years of age. No crystals were seen in those under 10 years of age. Although underlying diseases seemed to have little influence, post-mortem delay apparently affected the prevalence and density of occurrence since the crystals tended to disappear with hours after death. An immunohistochemical study using anti-thyroid hormone antibodies revealed that the crystals were within negatively or weakly stained colloid and were not common in strongly stained colloid. These findings support the hypothesis that the occurrence of calcium oxalate crystals in normal human thyroid is associated with a low functional state of the thyroid follicles.     

LCD心电监视器两例

为了给我们研制的便携式急救心电监护仪配上监视器,实现心电波形的连续、实时显示,我们试用了两种LCD显示模块.本文介绍了显示器的软、硬件设计.     

Crystal Growth in Poly(L‐lactide) Thin Film Revealed by in situ Atomic Force Microscopy

Direct visualization of crystal growth in poly(L ‐lactide) thin films was carried out by using a temperature‐controlled atomic force microscopy (AFM). At the initial stage of crystallization, edge‐on lamellar crystals have nucleated and elongated. Subsequently, the edge‐on lamellar crystals showed S‐shaped morphology and changed their orientation from edge‐on manner to flat‐on one. The curvature of edge‐on lamellar crystal has been discussed in terms of inclination and distortion of polymer chains in the crystal. In addition, mechanism on the formation of flat‐on crystal from edge‐on lamellae was proposed as derivative growth on the basis of in situ AFM observation of crystal growth and enzymatic degradation.

     

冰糖增加口服四环素吸收作用机理的初步研究

目的 :对中药冰糖增加口服四环素吸收作用机理进行初步的实验研究。方法 :参考 Masahiro Fukahori等介绍的方法 ,分别给大白鼠单独口服 (灌胃 )四环素或合并不同浓度冰糖溶液 (2 0 %、40 %、6 0 %、80 % )口服 (灌胃 )后 ,采用改进的荧光光度法测定血药浓度及肠内液药物浓度及含量 ,并称量与比较肠内容物量。结果 :合并使用冰糖可使大白鼠血中四环素的浓度明显提高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,并在 2 0 %～ 6 0 %范围内呈明显的线性关系 ,而肠道内液四环素的含量则明显降低 (P<0 .0 5 )。但肠道内容物量与冰糖浓度并无明显相关性。结论 :冰糖可明显增加大白鼠口服四环素在肠道的吸收 ;而冰糖浓度对肠腔液体量没有明显影响。结果提示冰糖增加口服四环素吸收可能通过主动吸收过程。     

不同温度对压电传感器基因杂交效应的影响

目的：探讨温度对压电传感器基因杂交效应的影响。方法：在压电传感器阵列上固定20碱基的疏基DNA探针,而后分别在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃下与同长度的互补靶序列进行杂交,计算机采集并分析传感器频率数据,比较各温度下杂交达到平衡所需时间,杂交前后频率差,并计算杂交动力学参数。结果：随温度增加,杂交时间有缩短趋势,杂交前后的频率差值逐渐减小。结合常数变化不明显,解离常数增大,使平衡常数显著增大。结论：在石英晶体传感器阵列上,基因杂交量随温度增高而减小。