胃肠道癌腹膜转移的化疗策略

腹膜转移是严重影响胃肠道癌患者预后的独立不良因素,"种子-土壤"学说被认为是解释腹膜转移的主要理论。由于腹膜转移结节初发时体积小,早期诊断尤为困难,因此,腹膜转移的风险评估就显得尤为重要。目前诊断方法已由临床病理因素逐渐向细胞学、乃至分子层面纵深发展,而包括影像组学在内的多组学整合评估,也进一步丰富了腹膜转移的精准诊断。腹膜转移可导致癌性腹水、肠梗阻及恶液质等相关并发症,是胃肠道癌治疗的难点。以系统化疗为基础、手术和腹腔热灌注化疗(HIPEC)等多种方法相结合,是胃肠道癌腹膜转移的有效治疗手段。如何富集潜在获益的腹膜转移患者,如何判定转化手术的时机,如何进一步优化现有治疗方案,特别是转化手术后的患者如何制定治疗方案等,仍需通过完善研究设计和开展前瞻性随机对照研究来解决。切实延长胃肠道癌腹膜转移患者的生存期,是持续努力的目标。     

阿帕替尼联合奥沙利铂和替吉奥在胃癌腹膜转移转化治疗中的安全性及近期疗效观察

目的探讨阿帕替尼联合奥沙利铂和替吉奥在胃癌腹膜转移转化治疗中的安全性和近期疗效。方法回顾性分析"甲磺酸阿帕替尼联合替吉奥及奥沙利铂转化治疗晚期胃癌的单臂探索性临床研究"(中国临床试验注册号:ChiCTR-ONC-17010430)的前瞻性研究病例数据库,纳入18~70岁,经组织学及腹腔镜探查证实为胃癌腹膜转移,治疗前未接受放疗、化疗、靶向治疗或免疫治疗的患者。入组患者术前接受6个周期的替吉奥(80~120 mg/d,d1~14)和奥沙利铂(130 mg/m²,d1)以及5周期的阿帕替尼(500 mg/d,d1~21)转化方案治疗,化疗结束后3周,结合评估结果和患者意愿决定是否进行手术。主要观察指标为转化治疗的不良反应情况,次要观察指标为客观缓解率、疾病控制率和总体生存率(OS)。随访时间截至2020年5月。结果本研究共纳入胃癌腹膜转移患者27例,男性13例,女性14例,中位年龄为58岁(30~68岁),腹膜转移分型P1a 9例,P1b 5例,P1c 13例,腹膜癌指数(PCI)1~5分共14例,≥6分者13例。化疗不良反应的发生率为100%,最常见的血液学不良反应事件是白细胞减少(70.4%,19/27)和粒细胞减少(74.1%,20/27);非血液学不良反应事件为疲乏(51.9%,14/27)和口腔黏膜炎(37.0%,10/27);1例因4级血小板减少退组。26例可行疗效评估的患者中,18例(69.2%)获得部分缓解,3例(11.5%)获得疾病稳定,5例(19.2%)疾病进展,客观缓解率为69.2%(18/26),疾病控制率为80.8%(21/26)。14例患者接受手术,6例行R0切除,R0切除率42.9%(6/14)。术后病理反应率为64.3%(9/14)。随访时间12~40个月,随访率为100%。全组患者1年OS为65.2%,生存时间为(14.0±1.7)个月。P1a/P1b与P1c患者1年OS分别为81.8%与42.0%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.041)。PCI评分1~5分与≥6分的患者1年OS分别为67.3%与38.5%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.022)。结论在胃癌腹膜转移患者中,阿帕替尼联合奥沙利铂和替吉奥转化治疗方案的安全性可接受,且在P1a/P1b及PCI评分1~5分的患者中显示出良好的近期生存获益。     

腹膜透析治疗小儿先天性心脏病术后急性肾功能衰竭

目的：探讨腹膜透析（ＰＤ）对小儿先天性心脏病（先心病）术后急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）的治疗效果。方法：对３６例先心病术后ＡＲＦ行ＰＤ治疗患儿的临床资料作回顾性调查。结果：全组经ＰＤ治疗后的病死率为３０．６％,其中单纯ＡＲＦ的病死率１２．５％,显著低于合并其他系统器官衰竭组的４５％（Ｐ〈０．０５）。ＰＤ３～３０ｄ内肾功能恢复,其中１～２ｄ内血Ｋ＾＋恢复正常,２～５ｄ内血碳酸氢根（ＨＣＯ３＾－）恢复正常,４～６ｄ内血尿素氮下降４９．２％,血肌酐下降４２．６％。结论：对小儿先心病术后ＡＲＦ及早进行ＰＤ具有较好的治疗效果。     

腹膜透析对可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1水平的影响及其意义

目的：探讨腹膜透析对可溶性细胞间粘附分子－１（ｓＩＣＡＭ－１）水平的影响及其在长期透析患者免疫功能下降中的作用。方法：采用夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ方法分别检测感染期、非感染期连续不卧床腹膜透析（ＣＡＰＤ）患者血清及腹膜透析液中ｓＩＣＡＭ－１水平的变化。结果：与非感染期ＣＡＰＤ患者相比,感染期ＣＡＰＤ患者血清ｓＩＣＡＭ－１水平显著降低,腹透液ｓＩＣＡＭ－１水平明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）;治疗后血清及腹透液ｓＩＣＡＭ－１水平,均较治疗前显著升高或降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：ｓＩＣＡＭ－１在感染期ＣＡＰＤ患者血清及腹透液中的变化,可能损害了巨噬细胞的正常粘附能力,从而降低机体的免疫能力。     

川芎嗪注射液对大鼠腹膜透析效能的影响

目的 通过动物实验观察川芎嗪对腹膜透析效能的影响,并初步探讨其作用机理。方法 采用空白及实验对照设计,将３６只雄性ＳＤ大鼠平均分为单纯腹透组、多巴胺对照组、川芎嗪常规浓度组及川芎嗪高浓度组４组,观察不同剂量川芎嗪加入腹透液对大鼠尿素氮清除率（ＣＢＵＮ）、肌酐清除率（ＣＣｒ）、尿素氮Ｄ／Ｐ值、肌酐Ｄ／Ｐ值、排液量均显著高于单纯腹透组（ｐ值均小于０．０５）,３组间两两比较差异无显著性（ｐ值均大于０．０     

Gastrointestinal absorption of phenytoin from an oil-in-water microemulsion

The absorption profile of phenytoin Na emulsion were examined compared to that of phenytoin suspension after oral administration in the rat. The corn oil-in-water emulsion, particle size of 184±57.8 nm, was prepared using a microfludizer, and phenytoin Na added by shaft homogenizer. The phenytoin emulsion or suspension, 100 mg/kg, were intubated intragastrically using oral dosing needle and blood samples were withdrawn via an indwelling cannula from the conscious rat. Plasma concentrations of phenytoin were measured with HPLC using phenacetin as an internal standard. The plasma concentration versus time data were fitted to a one compartment open model and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the computer program, Boomer. The phenytoin plasma concentrations from the emulsion at each observed time were about 1.5–2 times higher than those from the suspension, significantly at time of 5, 6 and 7 hr after administration. The absorption (k_a) and elimination rate constant (k_e) were not altered significantly, however the AUC increased from 65.6 to 106.7 μg·hr/ml after phenytoin suspension or emulsion oral administration, respectively. From an equilibrium dialysis study, the diffusion rate constant (k_IE) was considerably higher from the phenytoin Na emulsion (0.0439 hr⁻¹) than phenytoin suspension (0.0014 hr⁻¹).     

Evolution of renal replacement therapy in East Germany from 1989 to 1992

Diminished availability of facilities for renal replacementtherapy is known to cause spuriously low acceptance and treatmentrates. In this context the evolution of renal replacement therapyin the former German Democratic Republic is a useful model tostudy and to quantify some of the relevant factors. We performed a survey in all dialysis units for adults in EastGermany (excluding East Berlin) by questionnaire, achievinga response rate of 97%. From December 1989 to December 1992the number of dialysis centres increased from 53 to 96 (+81%),reaching 6.7 centres p.m.p. Of these facilities, 45% were hospitalunits, 29% private units, and 26% dialysis units run by non-profithealth care organizations. The number of dialysis stations forregular dialysis treatment increased from 602 to 1276 (+112%),i.e. 89 stations p.m.p. In parallel, the number of chronic dialysispatients increased from 2127 to 3848 (+81%), i.e. 267 patientsp.m.p. A more detailed survey was carried out in Thüringen andpart of Sachsen, in a region covering 5 million inhabitants.The acceptance rate for chronic dialysis treatment has increasedfrom 49 to 107 patients p.m.p. (+115%). The average age of newpatients increased from 49 to 59 years, the proportion of patientsaged 65 years increased from 16 to 42% and the proportion ofdiabetics from 13 to 35%. Introduction of alternative treatmentmodalities became possible, with 2.3% of the patients receivinghaemofiltrations and 3% CAPD. The proportion of HBs-antigen-positivepatients decreased from 14.2% to 5%. At the end of 1989 in the former GDR (excluding East Berlin),773 patients and, at the end of 1992, 1153 patients were alivewith functioning renal transplants (+49%). The annual rate oftransplantations was 254 in 1989, and 283 in 1992 (+11%), i.e.18 transplantations p.m.p. (including East Berlin). At the end of 1989 2900 patients (193 p.m.p.), and at the endof 1992 5001 patients (347 p.m.p.), werealive on renal replacementtherapy (dialysis or functioning renal transplant) in East Germany,excluding East Berlin; this represents a 72% increase. The figures in East Germany are now almost equivalent to thosein West Germany regarding the number of admissions (incidence),whereas the number of patients on renal replacement therapyis still lower (prevalence).     

Chronic dialysis in the infant less than 1 year of age

Dialysis in the infant carries a mortality rate of 16%. Institution of dialysis may be the result of adequate nutritional intake, but avoidance of nutritional intake should never be seen as a way to prevent dialysis. Increased caloric intake, usually via enteral feeding tubes, is needed for optimal growth in the infant with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in order to attain adequate nutrition with resulting good growth. Renal formulae may be constituted as dilute (as in thepolyuric infant) or concentrated (as in theanuric infant) to fit the infants needs. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the usual mode of renal replacement therapy (97%), with access via a surgically placed cuffed catheter with attention to the placement of the exit site in order to avoid fecal or urinary contamination. PD volumes of 30–40 ml/kg per pass or 800–1,200 ml/m² per pass usually result in dialysis adequacy. Additional dietary sodium (3–5 mEq/kg per day) and protein (3–4 g/kg per day) are needed, due to sodium and protein losses in the dialysate. Protein losses are associated with significant infectious morbidity and nonresponsiveness to routine immunizations. Hemodialysis (HD) can be performed either as single- or dual-needle access that have minimal dead space (less then 2 ml) and recirculation rate (less then 5%). Attnetion to extracorporeal blood volume (<10% of=" intravascular=" volume),=" blood=" flow=" rates=" (3–5=" ml/kg=" per=" min),=" heparinization=" (activated=" clotting=" times),=" ultrafiltration=" (ultrafiltration=" monitor),=" and=" temperature=" control=" is=" imperative=" during=" each=" treatment.=" because=" infants'=" nutrition=" is=" mostly=" fluid,=" hd=" may=" be=" needed=" 4–6=" days/week=" (especially=" in=" the=" oligoanuric=" infant)=" to=" avoid=" excessive=" volume=" overload=" between=" treatments.=" at=" the=" end=" of=" the=" treatment=" a=" slow=" blood=" return=" with=" minimal=" saline=" rinse=" is=" needed=" to=" avoid=" hemodynamic=" compromise.=" infant=" dialysis,=" although=" technically=" challenging=" with=" a=" significant=" morbidity=" and=" mortality=" rate,=" can=" be=" safely=" carried=" out=" in=" the=" infant=" with=" esrd=" but=" requires=" infant-specific=" equipment=" and=" trained=">