经皮胆囊碎石术后结石复发439例随访分析

目的探讨经皮胆囊碎石术(PCCL)后长期临床预后和结石复发情况,了解与结石复发的相关因素。方法对439例PCCL患者随访10年,评估结石复发率和临床预后。结果439例患者中182例结石复发,总复发率41.46%,术后1~10年结石累计复发率分别为9·57%、18·91%、27·33%、34·14%、37·59%、39·86%、41·90%、42·73%、42·85%和43·21%。182例结石复发患者中,94例无症状,80例表现有非特异性上消化道不适症状,8例有上腹痛或胆绞痛,其中38例行胆囊切除术治疗。与结石复发相关的因素包括胆囊结石家族史、喜好油腻食品、伴发肝病、PCCL术前复发胆囊结石和胆囊功能不全。结论PCCL术后结石复发不可避免,术后前6年结石复发率逐年增加明显,随后增长缓慢,术后10年约50%的患者无结石复发。一些危险因素与结石复发有关。PCCL可作为高龄和高危胆囊结石患者有价值的治疗选择,治疗其他胆囊结石患者尚需慎重选择。     

老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折的外科治疗

目的探讨老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折的外科治疗方法以及疗效。方法对132例老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折,男35例,女97例,年龄56～78岁,平均66岁,采用经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗113例,采用切开复位、膨胀式椎弓根钉系统内固定术治疗19例。结果术后122例腰背部疼痛基本消失,椎体成形组术后6～8h可以离床活动,切开复位内固定组术后2d可以离床活动。术后摄X线确认压缩性骨折椎体基本复位,后凸畸形平均矫正15°(10～30°)。术后随访6～36个月,腰背部疼痛无复发,经皮穿刺椎体成形伤椎高度无丢失。切开复位、膨胀式椎弓根钉系统内固定伤椎高度部分丢失。结论经皮穿刺椎体成形术作为治疗老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折有手术微创、操作简便、效果明确等优点;切开复位、膨胀式椎弓根钉系统在恢复椎体高度方面有优势,但创伤较大,远期椎体高度丢失较大。     

Laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric gastric access for long-term enteral feeding may be performed via a laparotomy, laparoscopy, or a percutaneous approach. In children and adolescents, laparoscopic-assisted gastrostomy may be difficult due to a thick abdominal wall. Therefore, if the abdominal wall is estimated to be >2 cm on physical examination, or in children in whom a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was unsuccessfully attempted by a gastroenterologist, we routinely perform a laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. METHODS: From January 1998 through February 2003, we retrospectively reviewed 15 cases of a laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Instruments used to perform this technique are a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy kit, an Olympus flexible endoscope, and one 5-mm STEP port placed through an infraumbilical incision for a 5-mm, 30-degree scope. RESULTS: Age range was 2 years to 20 years (mean, 10). Operative time ranged from 20 minutes to 45 minutes. When a concurrent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication was performed (n = 6), the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was placed after completion of the Nissen fundoplication. No intraoperative complications occurred, and all tubes were successfully placed. Feeds were instituted the following day and advanced to goal. To date, no postoperative complications have occurred, and revision has not been necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children and adolescents is safe and effective. Utilizing laparoscopy permits evaluation of the peritoneum and lysis of adhesions, if necessary. Moreover, laparoscopy provides excellent exposure for accurate placement of the PEG, while avoiding injury to other organs.     

经皮椎体成形术中骨水泥填充对患者凝血功能的影响

目的:探讨经皮椎体成形术中骨水泥对骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者凝血功能的影响及临床意义.方法:2006年12月至2007年12月,对24例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者行经皮椎体成形术,男6例,女18例:年龄48～83岁,平均69岁.脊柱骨折部位为T5-L3,共44个椎体,其中胸椎20个椎体,腰椎24个椎体.采用C型臂X线机透视引导下行经皮椎体成形术,注射聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥(PMMA).分别在注入骨水泥前10min、注入骨水泥后10min、30min、1h、2h及3h时检测患者凝血功能相关指标,包括血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化的部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、鱼精蛋白副凝固试验(3P试验)及血浆D-二聚体(D-D)含量,并进行统计学分析.结果:经皮椎体成形术中注人骨水泥10min后PT缩短、FIB增高、3P试验阳性率升高,D-D含量增高,1h时达到高峰后开始下降.注入骨水泥后10min、30min、1h、2h四个时间点与注入骨水泥前相比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05).活化的部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)在各时间点与注入骨水泥前比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05).3h后骨水泥对这些指标的影响基本消除,各项指标与注入骨水泥前比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论:经皮椎体成形术中骨水泥填充会引起患者一过性血液高凝状态,在注入骨水泥后的3h内需严密监测病情,以防血栓性疾病发生.     

上尿路梗阻性急性肾功能不全内、外引流的选择

目的探讨内、外引流在上尿路梗阻急性肾功能不全时的选择和效果。方法25例各种原因引起的上尿路梗阻（15例肿瘤性梗阻,10例非肿瘤性梗阻）合并急性肾功能不全,分别或先后对12例行输尿管内置双J管（doub le J,D J）内引流15次,对19例行经皮肾穿刺造瘘（percutaneous nephrectomy,PCN）外引流23次。结果引流成功23例,PCN外引流成功率86.9%（20/23）,双J管内引流成功率60.0%（9/15）,PCN术后继发出血1例。结论对于盆腹腔进展期或广泛转移肿瘤导致的梗阻,PCN解除梗阻优于输尿管支架内引流;非肿瘤性梗阻宜先尝试D J内引流。     

冠状动脉介入诊疗中非离子型对比剂对肾功能的影响和氯沙坦的保护价值

目的评价采用非离子低分子对比剂行冠脉造影和介入治疗对于肾功能的影响,并比较单纯冠脉造影和冠脉介入治疗手术前后肾功能的差异;评价氯沙坦对于冠脉介入治疗前后肾功能(血肌酐)和尿微量白蛋白的影响。方法根据冠状动脉造影的结果将我院收治的171例患者分3组,第1组为造影阴性组(CAG,73例),第2组为常规介入治疗组(PCI,52例),第3组为介入治疗 氯沙坦组(46例);研究对比剂对3组肾脏功能和尿微量白蛋白的影响。在检查前及术后的第1、3、7天分别测试尿微量白蛋白和肾功能(血肌酐),然后比较对比剂碘佛醇应用前后各组的差异。结果各组血肌酐均无明显变化,而PCI组尿微量白蛋白比CAG组的患者高(P<0.05);在氯沙坦干预后,PCI后尿微量白蛋白有明显下降(P<0.05)。结论CAG和PCI时,非离子低分子对比剂对肾功能(血肌酐)无明显影响,而尿微量白蛋白在术后有不同程度的升高,在PCI组中更明显;氯沙坦能降低PCI术后的尿微量白蛋白,可能具有预防对比剂肾病的作用。     

关节镜下经皮张力带钢丝固定治疗髌骨骨折

目的探索髌骨骨折错位在关节镜下复位、内固定的新方法。方法对56例新鲜闭合性横断型髌骨骨折病例,在关节镜下冲洗关节腔积血,清除骨折断端凝血块,去除小的骨碎片,进行髌骨复位,直接观察关节面复位对合情况。应用胥氏张力带钢丝固定原理,经皮穿入克氏针及钢丝,针孔做1cm小切口,完成内固定。结果术后2周绝大部分患者屈膝可达90°以上,骨折在6～10周达到临床愈合,出现针尾触痛者8例,克氏针松动上移2例,无钢丝断裂及脱落。治疗效果按膝关节损伤患者的功能评定法,优良率为96.4%。结论本术式两枚克氏针各有一根钢丝固定,在关节镜导引下,经皮穿针钢丝固定,不会因两根针位置不对称而产生扭距。操作方法简便、有效,有利于术后早期功能锻炼,为髌骨骨折提供了一种新的手术方法。     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗无积水肾结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾穿刺气压弹道碎石取石(minipercutaneous nephrolithotripsy,MPCNL)治疗无积水肾结石的效果。方法对无积水肾结石47例,经输尿管导管注入生理盐水,制造"人工肾积水",C形臂X线机定位穿刺,扩张至F16,建立经皮肾取石通道,使用WolfEMS气压弹道碎石机击碎结石。结果手术时间(120±35)min。单通道取石38例,双通道取石6例,三通道取石3例。一次取石35例,二次取石12例。结石手术取净率83.0%(39/47),最终排净率93.6%(44/47)。无严重并发症。结论对于无积水肾结石,MPCNL技术要求较高,掌握无积水肾结石的解剖特点和PCNL的技巧,可以达到积水肾结石相类似的疗效,同样具有创伤小、结石残留率低、并发症少、康复快等优点,是一种安全、微创、有效的治疗方法。     

基层医院急性心肌梗死转运介入治疗与就地抢救治疗的疗效及预后比较

目的追踪比较基层医院急性心肌梗死(AMI)转运介入治疗与就地抢救治疗的疗效及预后。方法追踪观察2005年以来由揭东县人民医院转至汕大医学院第一附属医院行急诊介入治疗的AMI患者37例的预后(包括死亡、再次心肌梗死、心力衰竭、恶性心律失常以及再次入院的发生率),追踪比较同期在揭东县人民医院行溶栓/保守治疗的AMI患者39例的预后。结果转运组转送过程无死亡,全部成功施行急诊冠状动脉介入治疗,术后2例死亡,至2009年底有5例再次住院(3例因合并心力衰竭,2例因出现频发室性早搏)。溶栓/保守组39例中死亡11例(9例死于AMI急性期,2例于出院后1个月在家猝死),12例再次住院(再发心肌梗死1例,6例并发心力衰竭,5例合并恶性心律失常)。结论基层医院AMI患者转送至附近大医院行急诊冠状动脉介入治疗不仅是安全的,而且获益更大。     

Percutaneous needle trephination. Experience in 200 cases

Summary For many years percutaneous needle and classic burr-hole trephination with insertion of plastic catheters for external ventricular drainage are in use. The shortcomings of the conventional puncture needles were compensated for by the development of a modified instrument in recent years.In this prospective study we tried to define advantages and disadvantages of percutaneous ventriculostomy with this modified needle in a large number of patients. We treated and followed a total number of 200 patients with external ventricular drainage for various reasons (42% obstructive hydrocephalus, 27% haematocephalus, 11% malresorptive hydrocephalus, 11% elevated ICP and 9% infections). The ventriculostomy is performed — after percutaneous trepheication with a 1.5 mm drill and 1.2 mm needle under the local aesthesia as a bedside procedure. The modified blunt needle is provided with markings and a set screw which allows insertion to a prefixed depth and a sharp guide which is withdrawn after penetration of the dura. It is then bent rostrally and fixed by a plaster cast. The mean duration of drainage was 9 days (1–30 days). Mean operating time for the whole procedure including fixation and connection to the drainage system was 20 minutes. Overall complication rate was 13% (N=26). Two intracerebral haemorrhages (1%) occurred, of which one was caused by overdrainage. Five (3%) infections in primarily not infectious cases (N=182) were seen. Only one case of infection occurred without loosing of the needle on day 17. In 19 patients (10%) the needles had loosened. Fifteen times this complication was repaired in time and no infection occurred. The overall complication rate (13%) and the needle related risk of bleeding (0.5%) seem average. The true risk of infection with correct handling (0.5%) is very low despite the very long average duration of drainage. The main risk lies in the markedly high danger of loosening (10%), which entails a disproportionally high demand for nursing care. Nevertheless, we regard percutaneous needle trephination as the ventriculostomy method of choice because of its better practicability and low infection rate.