Radiology of the hand

This is an overview of radiological imaging of the hand highlighting the various imaging modalities used in the work-up and diagnosis of a range of orthopaedic and rheumatological disorders. The biomechanics and anatomy of the human hand is extremely complex, and a good understanding is required to diagnose pathology. In this article we explain the anatomy and highlight pathology of the hand from a radiological perspective with respect to plain film, CT, ultrasound and MR imaging. Trauma of the hand is extremely common and radiology plays an important role in the diagnosis of treatable injuries including fractures, dislocations and ligament tears. Plain radiography and CT are excellent at evaluating bony injury (e.g. Rolondo or Bennett's fracture) whereas ultrasound and MR are better at evaluating soft tissue injury (e.g. Stener lesion). The hands are a common location for degenerate and inflammatory arthropathies which all have hallmark radiological features. Radiology also plays an important role in the diagnosis and work-up of bone lesions in the hand including enchondromas, osteoid osteomas and chondrosarcomas.     

Survival of multiple-surface ART restorations using a zinc-reinforced glass-ionomer restorative after 2 years: A randomized triple-blind clinical trial

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of a new zinc-reinforced glass-ionomer in comparison to a common high-viscous glass-ionomer cement (HVGIC) used in multiple-surface ART-prepared cavities. The hypothesis tested was that the cumulative survival percentage of the new HVGIC is higher than that of the common HVGIC over 2 years.MethodsA randomized triple-blind parallel group clinical trial was used. A total of 218 participants, average age 15.4 years (SD = 0.2), with an occluso-proximal carious lesion in a permanent (pre-) molar were included. Restorations using test (ChemFil Rock) and control (Fuji IX GP) restoratives were placed according to the ART method by four calibrated operators. Restorations were evaluated after one week (baseline), and at 6-, 12-, 18- and 24 months from replicas and coloured photographs according to the ART restoration assessment criteria by two independent evaluators. Restoration survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and difference between dependent and independent variables tested with a Wald (chi-square) test.ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference in cumulative survival percentages between the two types of restorations at 2 years (P = 0.02). A higher percentage of multiple-surface restorations of Fuji IX GP (95.4%) than ChemFil Rock (85.3%) survived. Gender (P = 0.64), operator (P = 0.56) and cavity size (P = 0.81) had no effect on the survival of the type of restoration observed. Type of tooth (P = 0.004) and type of jaw (P = 0.05) showed an effect. Severe wear was the major reason for restoration failure (ChemFil Rock = 7; Fuji IX GP = 1).SignificanceChemFil Rock appears not to be a viable alternative to Fuji IX GP in restoring ART multiple-surface cavities in permanent posterior teeth.     

消化道多发髓外浆细胞瘤1例报道

通过报道1例消化道多发髓外浆细胞瘤(extramedullary plasmacytoma,EMP)患者的诊疗情况,提高对消化道多发EMP的临床认识。     

京万红软膏上调PDGF mRNA表达改善大鼠缺血合并外伤型糖尿病足的研究

目的考察京万红软膏对大鼠缺血合并外伤型糖尿病足的疗效及作用机制。方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型,在此基础上建立大鼠缺血合并外伤型糖尿病足模型。实验设置4组,每组大鼠15只,分别为假手术组、模型组、京万红软膏组、重组人表皮生长因子外用溶液(rhEGF)组。给药14 d,记录给药前后大鼠体质量、血糖、足部形态及溃疡面积的变化情况。并于给药后取足部溃疡部位组织行HE染色,采用RT-PCR法检测京万红软膏对血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体FLT-1 mRNA表达的影响。结果京万红软膏对大鼠缺血合并外伤型糖尿病足具有消肿生肌,促进创面愈合的功效。与模型组相比,京万红软膏组给药14 d后可极显著减少大鼠足部外伤部位的溃疡面积(P0.01);可极显著上调PDGF mRNA的表达(P0.01)。结论京万红软膏对大鼠缺血合并外伤型糖尿病足具有促进伤口愈合的功效,可能与上调PDGF mRNA的表达相关,但对VEGF及其受体Flt-1 mRNA的表达没有影响。     

Selective apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells in primary samples induced by arsenic trioxide

Objectives

Currently, multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable disease. Despite the fact that arsenic trioxide (ATO) shows promising results in vitro, data from treatment of patients with MM are disappointing. Due to these discrepancies, we compared the efficacy and selectivity of ATO at two different concentrations in samples from MM patients.

Methods

The extent of apoptosis induced by 2 and 5 µM ATO was evaluated by flow cytometry using annexin V. 34 diagnostic bone marrow samples obtained from MM patients were analysed.

Results

5 µM ATO efficiently induced apoptosis in primary samples. Besides efficacy, also selectivity of action on MM cells in comparison to remaining haematopoietic cells was demonstrated for 5 µM ATO but not for 2 µM ATO.

Discussion

Our study on primary samples confirmed that ATO has a potential role in therapeutic management of MM. Further controlled studies on MM patients are needed.     

Routine application of a novel MLPA-based first-line screening test uncovers clinically relevant copy number aberrations in haematological malignancies undetectable by conventional cytogenetics

Objective

The presence of numerical and/or structural chromosomal abnormalities is a frequent finding in clonal hematopoietic malignant disease, typically diagnosed through routine karyotyping and/or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Recently, the application of array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) has uncovered many new cryptic genomic copy number imbalances, most of which are now recognized as clinically useful markers of haematological malignancies. In view of the limitations of both FISH and aCGH techniques, in terms of their routine application as a first line screening test, we designed a new multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) probemix for use in addition to classic karyotype analysis.

Methods

A novel MLPA probemix was developed to interrogate copy number changes involving chromosomal regions: 2p23-24 (MYCN, ALK), 5q32-34 (MIR145A, EBF1, MIR146A), 6q21-27, 7p12.2 (IKZF1), 7q21-36, 8q24.21 (MYC), 9p24 (JAK2 V617F point mutation), 9p21.3 (CDKN2A/2B), 9p13.2 (PAX5), 10q23 (PTEN), 11q22.3 (ATM), 12p13.2 (ETV6), 13q14 (RB1, MIR15A, DLEU2, DLEU1), 17p13.1 (TP53), and 21q22.1 (RUNX1/AML1) and was applied to DNA extracted from 313 consecutive bone marrow patient samples, referred for routine karyotype analysis.

Results

More than half of the samples originated from newly investigated patients. We discovered clinically relevant genomic aberrations, involving a total of 24 patients (8%) all with a normal karyotype, which would have remained undiagnosed.

Discussion

Our data clearly indicate that routine application of this MLPA screening panel, as an adjunct to karyotype analysis, provides a sensitive, robust, rapid and low-cost approach for uncovering clinically important genomic abnormalities, which would have otherwise remained undetected.     

早期输注新鲜冰冻血浆对外伤性硬膜下血肿患者术后延迟性颅内血肿的影响

目的评价硬脑膜开放前早期输注新鲜冰冻血浆对颅脑损伤后硬膜下血肿患者术后延迟性颅内血肿（delayed traumatic intracranial hematoma,DTIH）发生率的影响。 方法197例重度颅脑损伤患者根据是否发生术后DTIH分为DTIH组和非术后延迟性颅内血肿（non-delayed traumatic intracranial hematoma,NDTIH）组。收集两组患者人口统计学特征（性别、年龄、体重指数）、生命体征（术前平均动脉压、心率）、初始损伤评分、液体输注种类和输注量、血制品输注种类和输注量、新鲜冰冻血浆输注时机及实验室检查等指标,记录术后30 d内的DTIH及死亡情况,将组间比较差异有统计学意义的因素进行二元逻辑回归分析,筛选增加术后DTIH发生的危险因素。 结果32例患者发生术后DTIH,发生率为16.2%。与NDTIH组比较,DTIH组患者的格拉斯哥昏迷评分显著降低,血肿量明显增加,早期输注新鲜冰冻血浆的比例显著增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。二元回归分析结果显示,格拉斯哥昏迷评分（OR=4.23,95%CI=1.62~8.72,P＜0.001）、血肿量≥100 mL（OR=5.39,95%CI=1.75~9.38,P＜0.001）以及早期输注新鲜冰冻血浆（OR=1.54,95%CI=1.27~4.29,P=0.016）是术后DTIH发生的危险因素。 结论颅脑损伤后硬膜下血肿患者术后DTIH的发生可能与早期输注新鲜冰冻血浆相关。