A low molecular weight heparin in hemodialysis

Summary The purpose of our study was to check whether the dosage recommended for the low molecular weight heparin tested here, i.e., 50% of the corresponding unfractionated heparin dose, is adequate to prevent clot formation in the extracorporeal system. Sixteen dialysis treatments of 4–5 h were given to each of six chronic dialysis patients. In dialyses 1, 2, 15 and 16 unfractionated heparin (initial dose 35 IU/kg, continuous dose 20 IU/kg/h) was given, and in dialyses 3–14 low molecular weight heparin (initial dose 17.5 anti-Xa U/kg, continuous dose 10 anti-X U/kg/h). At these dose levels of low molecular weight heparin, clot formation occurred in the extracorporeal system in five of the six patients, despite the fact that the plasma anti-Xa level of 0.5 U/ml recommended by the manufacturer had been attained. For this reason the continuous dose of low molecular weight heparin had to be raised to approx. 80% of the corresponding continuous dose of unfractionated heparin. A plasma anti-Xa level of 0.7 U/ml is necessary to prevent extracorporeal clot formation.Abbreviations anti-Xa U Anti-factor Xa unit - aPTT Activated partial thromboplastin time - AT III Antithrombin III - IU International unit - LMWH Low molecular weight heparin - UFH Unfractionated heparin     

Interaction of antithrombin III with preadsorbed albumin-heparin conjugates

The adsorption of antithrombin III (AT III) onto polystyrene surfaces preadsorbed with albumin or albuminheparin conjugates was studied using a two step enzyme immuno assay. When AT III-buffer solutions were used, the highest adsorption values were measured on high affinity albumin-heparin conjugate pretreated surfaces. Less AT III adsorption was found on nonfractionated albumin-heparin conjugate preadsorbed surfaces. AT III adsorption could also be detected on low affinity conjugate and albumin coated surfaces. When AT III was adsorbed from plasma or plasma dilutions with buffer, only AT III on surfaces preadsorbed with high affinity or nonfractionated albumin-heparin conjugate was found. These results demonstrate that the heparin moiety of the conjugate is directed to the solution phase whereas the albumin moiety contacts the polystyrene surfaca     

低分子肝素钙抗凝对多囊卵巢综合征所致不孕症患者来曲唑诱导排卵疗效的影响

目的分析低分子肝素钙抗凝对多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)所致不孕症患者来曲唑诱导排卵疗效的影响。方法选取2014年1月—2019年1月九江市第三人民医院和彭泽县妇幼保健院收治的156例PCOS所致不孕症患者,采用随机数字表分成两组,每组78例。对照组口服来曲唑治疗,观察组采取口服来曲唑联合低分子肝素钙注射液治疗。比较两组的疗效、子宫内膜容受性、凝血功能指标、促排卵结局及不良反应。结果观察组总有效率[94.87%(74/78)]显著高于对照组[80.77%(63/78)],差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.252,P=0.007)。治疗后,观察组子宫内膜厚度、子宫动脉搏动指数(PI)及阻力指数(RI)分别为(9.75±1.03)mm、(1.30±0.26)及(0.58±0.12),对照组子宫内膜厚度、PI及RI分别为(7.48±0.95)mm、(1.71±0.33)及(0.66±0.11),两组比较差异均有统计学意义(t=14.308,8.619,4.340,均P<0.05)。治疗后,两组凝血功能指标比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组妊娠率[52.56%(41/78)]显著高于对照组[32.05%(25/78)],自然流产率[2.44%(1/41)]显著低于对照组[16.00%(4/25)],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率[16.67%(13/78)]与对照组[12.82%(10/78)]比较差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.459,P=0.498)。结论PCOS所致不孕症患者在应用来曲唑诱导排卵的同时联合低分子肝素钙抗凝治疗能有效改善患者的凝血-纤溶状态,明显提高患者的子宫内膜容受性,改善促排卵结局。     

新生儿硬肿症播散性血管内凝血和肺出血的研究及其临床意义

目的 :探讨不同病情硬肿症播散性血管内凝血 (DIC)的出凝血功能改变 ,为合理治疗提供理论依据。方法 :比较观察组 10 0例和对照组 5 0例 5项出凝血指标检测结果。结果 :观察组不同病情之间比较 :凝血酶原时间 ,3P试验 ,血小板计数和外周血红细胞形态无显著性差异 (P均 >0 0 5 ) ;试管法凝血时间比较 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。观察组与对照组 5项指标比较有非常显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :新生儿硬肿症存在播散性血管内凝血的出凝血功能改变 ,病情越重改变越明显 ,越易合并DIC、肺出血 ,病死率也越高 ,硬肿症早期血液多呈现高凝状态 ,DIC的晚期多呈现低凝状态。早期肝素治疗 ,不仅可改变血液的出凝血状态 (高凝状态 ) ,而且是防治DIC ,肺出血 ,提高治愈率的有效途径。治疗硬肿症加强综合支持疗法 ,尤其是维持内环境稳定纠正酸中毒切不可忽视 ,否则肝素在酸性环境中灭活失效     

低分子肝素治疗不稳定型心绞痛33例疗效观察

目的：探讨低分子肝素治疗不稳定型心绞痛的疗效及安全性,方法：不稳定型心绞痛33例,经内科常规药物治疗疗效不佳,加用低分子肝素0．4ml,2次／d腹壁皮下注射,疗程10d。结果：低分子肝素治疗后总有效率93．9％,心绞痛发作次数,持续时间,硝酸甘油用量均显著减少（P＜0．01）,全血粘度,血浆粘度和纤维蛋白原均明显降低（P＜0．05）,无发生急性心肌梗塞和猝死,无出血不良反应,结论：低分子肝素治疗不稳定型心绞痛安全,有效。     

肝素治疗儿童肾病综合征前后血浆纤维蛋白原的变化分析

目的了解肝素的抗凝作用治疗儿童肾病综合征的疗效.方法76例儿童肾病综合征,随机分为两组,使用肝素组为治疗组,未使用为对照组,分别测量其治疗前后血浆纤维蛋白原的变化,进行统计学分析.结果两组治疗前后血浆纤维蛋白原的含量无显著性差异,而在治疗后则有差异(t=1.56,P《0.05);同组内治疗前后比较均有显著性差异(分别为t=11.47和t=5.786,P《0.001).结论使用肝素的抗凝作用治疗儿童肾病综合症,可以加强疗效,减轻肾脏的炎性反应,缓解肾小球硬化过程,防止肾功能衰竭.     

低分子肝素前体脂质体制剂的研究

目的探讨用前体脂质体法制备LMWH脂质体制剂的影响因素及质量评定.方法以包封率为指标,用正交设计试验法研究由前体脂质体制成含药脂质体过程中的影响因素,并以包封率、形态、粒度分布评估了制剂的质量,以动物试验考察了制剂的缓释性.结果影响因素作用的大小顺序为甘露醇用量＞类脂配比＞药物浓度＞十八胺用量,最佳工艺制剂包封率为37.3%,在电镜下为圆形或椭圆形,90%颗粒粒径小于1.2μm,动物试验表明,该制剂体内可维持8h的药物作用.结论前体脂质体法制备的脂质体制剂有较高的包封率、良好的粒度分布及一定的缓释性.     

Regional anaesthesia in patients taking anticoagulant drugs

Many surgical patients are taking drugs that impair normal coagulation, and this causes concern about the risk of perioperative bleeding events. The anaesthetist is particularly concerned about compressive vertebral canal haematomas, which may occur after spinal or epidural anaesthetic techniques. Fortunately, the risk of this complication is very low. The major risk factors are coagulopathy or technical difficulties with the block. There is also concern about perineural haematomas, which may be associated with peripheral nerve blocks. This article attempts to put the risks of these complications into context, with reference to different classes of anticoagulant drugs.     

Drugs affecting coagulation

The clotting cascade is a complex process and is an important survival mechanism. Major haemorrhage and thromboembolic events remain major causes of increased morbidity and mortality. Drugs affecting coagulation have primarily been utilized to treat or reduce the risk of thromboembolic events. However, the recent progress in the management of major trauma and treating coagulopathy has resulted in further research and development of drugs that improve clotting function. Knowledge of drugs used for both clinical circumstances is now required when working in anaesthesia or intensive care.     

低分子肝素治疗重症急性胰腺炎疗效的META分析

目的评估低分子肝素治疗重症急性胰腺炎的疗效。方法计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane、万方和CNKI数据库,检索时间从2000年1月-2019年1月。收集低分子肝素治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的临床对照研究或随机对照研究的临床研究成果。纳入数据包括:主要指标(病死率)、次要指标(治愈率、中转手术率、并发症率和住院时间)。提取的数据应用Review Manager5.3进行meta分析,Stata 15.0软件进行累积meta分析。采用χ²检验和I²检验进行异质性检验,采用固定效应或随机效应模型计算统计量。结果符合标准的文献16篇,其中13篇中文,3篇英文。纳入文献的累计样本量1 415例,其中低分子肝素(Low molecular weight heparin,LMWH)组705例,常规治疗组710例。Meta结果显示:与常规治疗组相比,低分子肝素组可显著提高重症急性胰腺炎患者的治愈率(OR=3.02, 95%CI为2.13~4.28,P<0.05),降低病死率(OR=0.32, 95%CI为0.22~0.46,P<0.05)、中转手术率(OR=0.42, 95%CI为0.32~0.56,P<0.05)、并发症率(OR=0.30, 95%CI为0.22~0.40,P<0.05)及住院天数(MD=-6.94, 95%CI为-10.88~-3.00,P<0.05);根据发表年份的先后顺序,进行累积meta分析,OR估计值及可信区间趋于稳定,有较好的变化趋势。各研究间无异质性(I²=0,P=0.957),在选定的检验标准下,可以发现,最初证实治疗效果具有统计学意义的时间为2003年(OR=0.28,95%CI为0.13~0.62,P<0.05),随着时间推移,效应值OR逐渐稳定,95%CI逐渐缩短,最终累积效应值OR为0.32,95%CI为0.22~0.46,P<0.05,表明LMWH可以明显降低病死率,且其效应值随时间推移而趋于稳定。结论低分子肝素治疗重症急性胰腺炎可明显提高临床疗效,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。