肿瘤合并感染新冠肺炎患者临床分析及疫情期间肿瘤患者的管理建议

目的:探讨分析肿瘤合并新冠病毒感染患者情况并提出自己的思考与建议。方法:通过统计2020年1月至2020年3月期间纳入的313名本院肿瘤科在新冠疫情期间肿瘤合并感染新冠肺炎患者情况，汇总临床资料，分析患者肺部影像学特点，总结肿瘤合并新冠肺炎病毒感染患者临床特征、预后及转归等，并提出自己建议。结果:科室总共313名患者住院，5名新冠感染患者，新冠病毒肺炎发生率为1.6%，这比之前所报道的武汉市新冠病毒普通人群发生率0.37%要高接近3倍，肿瘤合并新冠患者死亡率接近20%。结论:对于疫情结束初期病房应尽量减少患者非必要往返医院次数，实行肿瘤患者分层管理，加强轻症患者随访，线上管理等；而对于住院患者，则采取缓冲分诊模式，做好病房消毒隔离以及管理，避免感染，减少肿瘤病房新型冠状病毒爆发概率。     

中医学应对疫病的历史回顾与思考

概要回顾中医学关于外感热病诊治规律的相关记载,总结其对外感热病中具有传染性特点的疫病病因、病机、传变及治疗的认识;结合新型冠状病毒肺炎的发病时间及主要临床表现,提出其属中医学“瘟疫”范畴,病位在肺,病因为感受“冬温之毒”,从口鼻而入,侵袭肺络;结合各地诊疗方案提出的证候特点及用药规律研究,指出疫毒袭肺、邪热壅肺、毒热闭肺为其核心病机;分析中药连花清瘟理论组方特点及相关临床与实验研究结果,佐证其在应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情中的临床价值。     

贵阳地区儿童重症社区获得性肺炎肺泡灌洗液病原及药敏分析

目的分析贵阳地区儿童重症社区获得性肺炎支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）病原学分布及耐药特点。方法收集989例重症社区获得性肺炎患儿临床资料，将支气管肺泡灌液采用支气管镜取出进行细菌培养、病毒以及肺炎支原体(MP)检测。结果（1）989例重症社区获得性肺炎患儿病原检出阳性716例，阳性率72.40%，细菌、病毒、支原体检出率分别33.27% （329例）、22.45%（222例）、31.45%（311例）。（2）细菌感染中的肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为最为常见的革兰阳性菌株(G+)；而肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌为最为常见的革兰阴性菌株(G-)。培养菌株对青霉素类、红霉素、第1、2、3代头孢类抗生素有较高的耐药性，对头孢吡肟、拉氧头孢、哌拉西林、左氧氟沙星有较高的敏感性，对亚胺培南、万古霉素、利奈唑烷均无耐药发生。（3）病毒感染检出222例，其中呼吸道合胞病毒131例，腺病毒检测49例，流感病毒6例（A型2例，B型4例），副流感病毒36例（1型3例、2型4例、3型29例），病毒检出率以0～12月龄组最高，RSV、ADV感染主要集中在冬春季节。（4）肺炎支原体检出阳性率31.45%（311例），肺炎支原体检出率以3～5岁组最高。结论贵阳地区重症肺炎中肺炎克雷伯杆菌、肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为重要的细菌病原。重要病毒为腺病毒和呼吸道病毒为主，1～12月龄组的病毒感染检出率比较高。     

Lung Ultrasound for the Emergency Diagnosis of Pneumonia,Acute Heart Failure,and Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/Asthma in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background

Lung ultrasound can accelerate the diagnosis of life-threatening diseases in adults with respiratory symptoms.

The effects of grass pollen allergoid immunotherapy on clinical and immunological parameters in children with allergic rhinitis

Allergoid immunotherapy is a new form of allergen immunotherapy allowing safe administration of high allergen doses. There is limited information on the effects of allergoid immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis. To investigate the immunological and clinical effects of allergoid immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis due to grass pollen allergy. Children with allergic rhinitis were assigned to allergoid immunotherapy (n = 27) or control (n = 26, no immunotherapy) groups. Children in the immunotherapy group received seven injections of grass pollen allergoid immunotherapy before grass pollen season and continued to receive maintenance immunotherapy for 27 months. All patients were offered a pharmacotherapy regimen to be used on demand during the pollen seasons. Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between the immunotherapy and control groups. The rhinoconjunctivitis symptom-medication score and asthma symptom score were lower in the immunotherapy group after 1 yr of maintenance immunotherapy (p < 0.01 for both). Skin test reactivity and nasal reactivity as determined by nasal provocation testing for grass pollen were significantly decreased after 1 yr of immunotherapy (p < 0.001 for both). The seasonal increase in bronchial reactivity and nasal lavage eosinophil cationic protein levels were prevented after the first year of immunotherapy (p < 0.05 for both). The seasonal increase in immunoglobulin (Ig)E decreased (p < 0.05) and grass-specific IgG, IgG(1) and IgG(4) increased significantly already at the end of the seven-injection build-up therapy (p < 0.001, for all). Interleukin (IL)-4 levels in the culture supernatants showed a steady decline from baseline at first and second year of immunotherapy (p < 0.001) but remained unchanged in the control group. Allergoid immunotherapy is an effective method in the treatment of grass pollen-induced allergic rhinitis in children and prevents the seasonal increase in bronchial hyper-reactivity. Changes in specific IgE and IgG levels and decreased IL-4 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture supernatants may account for the observed clinical effects.     

Prevention of Descending Pneumonia in Rats with Perflubron-delivered Tobramycin

OBJECTIVES: Patients undergoing emergent endotracheal intubation are at increased risk for developing pneumonia. Although numerous strategies have been investigated to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), the incidence of VAP and its associated mortality remains high. This investigation tested the hypothesis that LiquiVent (Alliance Pharmaceutical, San Diego, CA-LV) delivered antibiotics (via spray-dried microspheres-SDM) would improve survival in a rat model of descending gram-negative pneumonia. METHODS: Wistar rats (n = 49) were randomized to receive prophylaxis with 1). nothing (controls); 2). intramuscular (IM) tobramycin, 3). intratracheal LV plus SDM shells (vehicle), 4). intratracheal LV plus SDM shells plus IM tobramycin, or 5). intratracheal LV plus SDM containing 1 mg/kg of tobramycin. All interventions were given 24 hours before a bacterial challenge with 10(8) colony-forming units of intratracheal Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mortality at ten days was the sole outcome measure. Survival in individual groups was compared with controls by Fisher's exact test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: All animals in the control group died of pneumonia within ten days of bacterial inoculation (0% survival). Prophylaxis with either IM tobramycin or SDM vehicle plus IM tobramycin provided no protection (0% survival). This is in sharp contrast to the cohort receiving pretreatment with tobramycin-containing SDM delivered via LV, in which 60% of the animals survived to study completion (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis with SDM containing antibiotics delivered in low-dose LV provided significant protection in a rat model of descending gram-negative pneumonia. These data support the hypothesis that perfluorocarbon-delivered intratracheal antimicrobials may be useful in the prevention of VAP.     

暴发流行的肺炎衣原体肺炎影像学表现分析

目的研究肺炎衣原体肺炎暴发流行的胸部影像学特征表现。方法对经过痰和咽试子标本,PCR,MIF检测证实的15例暴发流行的肺炎衣原体肺炎住院患者胸部X线和高分辨CT表现进行分析。结果本组暴发流行的肺炎衣原体肺炎患者均有发热,头痛,全身肌肉酸痛,干咳,声音嘶哑,咽痛等症状。肺部呼吸音减低或细湿啰音4例(26.7%),出现明显肺部影像学表现10例(66.7%)。10例暴发流行的肺炎衣原体肺炎常表现为多发或单发以小叶为中心阴影和腺泡状结节影(100%),病变以两中、下肺叶,外、中带分布;以小叶分布的气腔实变和磨玻璃样阴影(分别为100%和40%)和支气管血管束增厚(90%)。无肺门或纵隔淋巴结增大和胸腔积液。结论暴发流行的肺炎衣原体肺炎具有群体发病,临床和影像学表现有相似的特征,早期CT检查更能真实地反映病变大小、多少和分布范围。     

学习困难儿童智力及记忆力特征分析

目的探讨学习困难儿童的智力、记忆力特征。方法学习困难(LD)根据ICD-10五条诊断标准,精神发育迟滞(MR)根据国际疾病分类第10版(ICD-10)诊断标准,分为实验组LD组;对照组a.正常组,b.弱智组。采用中国韦氏儿童智力量表进行智力测验,记忆力测验采用中国科学研究院编制的临床记忆量表。结果LD组与正常对照组在语言智商、操作智商、总智商[(86.23±10.65)分,(87.44±12.59)分,(84.09±13.96)分vs(102.27±10.21)分,(103.22±11.65)分,(103.28±9.88)分]及分测验值差异均有显著性(P<0.01);LD组儿童VIQ与PIQ相距一个标准差以上的比率明显高于对照组(2=9.29,P<0.01),也较MR对照组多(2=4.29,P<0.05)。LD组记忆商(MQ)明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01)。结论LD儿童智商、记忆商水平低于正常儿童,且存在明显智力结构发展不平衡。     

4132名少年儿童血压状况调查分析

目的了解7～14岁少年儿童血压特点,为流行病学及预防成人高血压提供参考数据。方法用统一标准采集血压及有关数据,用概率单位法行正态性检验,确定血压95%参考值范围,对年龄与血压和体质指数进行相关性分析,行U检验、t检验。结果随年龄增大血压也逐渐上升,各年龄段男女之间血压差异无统计学意义。体质指数随年龄增大而增加。血压偏高者其体质指数高于同年龄段中值水平。结论年龄与血压和体质指数呈正相关。血压偏高者体质指数都具有较高中值水平。