非布司他治疗慢性肾病伴高尿酸血症的疗效和机制分析

目的 分析非布司他治疗慢性肾病伴高尿酸血症的疗效和机制。方法 回顾2015年10月-2017年10月到河南医学高等专科学校附属医院诊治的慢性肾病伴高尿酸血症的患者共108例,按照随机原则分为两组,观察组54例患者采用非布司他治疗,对照组54例患者采用别嘌醇治疗,疗程均为24周。检测两组患者治疗前后血尿酸（UA）、血肌酐（Scr）、肾小球滤过率估算值（eGFR）、血尿素氮（BUN）、血白蛋白（Alb）和尿微量蛋白尿（u-mAlb）水平,比较两组患者疗效,记录肝功能受损、皮疹、胃肠道反应和血脂升高等不良反应发生情况。结果 治疗前两组患者各项指标无明显差异;治疗后UA、Scr、BUN、u-mAlb、eGFR均较治疗前明显降低,Alb较治疗前明显升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且治疗后观察组患者UA、Scr、BUN和u-mAlb明显低于对照组,eGFR和Alb明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组患者高尿酸血症治疗总有效率为77.78%,明显高于对照组患者的55.56%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组患者肾功能治疗总有效率为83.33%,明显高于对照组患者的62.96%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组肝功能受损、皮疹、胃肠道反应和血脂升高等不良反应发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 非布司他治疗慢性肾病伴高尿酸血症疗效确切,能够有效降低血尿酸水平,保护患者肾功能,不良反应发生率低,建议临床推广应用。     

尿酸盐致血管内皮细胞损伤的机制

目的观察不同浓度尿酸盐对人血管内皮细胞损伤相关因子表达的影响,明确高尿酸血症对人血管内皮细胞的损伤的机制。方法体外单独培养人血管内皮细胞或与单核细胞共培养,尿酸盐分别用6．6mg／dl（约为人体男、女高尿酸血症最低值平均值）及该值2、3、4、5倍值刺激血管内皮细胞48小时,用酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法（ELISA）测定上清液白细胞介素1（IL-1）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-d）、细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）、血浆纤溶酶原激活抑制剂-1（PAI-1）等因子表达水平,用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PcR）测定血管内皮细胞人尿酸盐转运子（hUAT）mRNA的表达。结果①不同浓度尿酸盐与血管内皮细胞单独培养：结果显示高浓度尿酸盐使血管内皮细胞IL-l、TNF-Ⅸ、ICAM-1、PAI-1的表达上调,明显高于对照组（P均〈0．05）;②不同浓度尿酸盐与血管内皮细胞及单核细胞共培养：结果显示高浓度尿酸盐使血管内皮细胞IL-1、TNF-α、ICAM-1、PAI-1的表达进一步增高,明显高于对照组（P均〈0．05）;③hUATmRNA表达：高浓度尿酸盐使血管内皮细胞hUATmRNA表达明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）;与单核细胞共培养高浓度尿酸盐使血管内皮细胞hUATmRNA表达明显进一步下调（P〈0．05）。结论尿酸盐可以作为独立的危险因素引起内皮细胞的直接损伤,单核细胞在内皮细胞损伤过程中亦起到了重要作用,血管内皮细胞和单核细胞共培养使血管内皮细胞损伤进一步加重。     

The mechanism of Arhalofenate in alleviating hyperuricemia―Activating PPARγ thereby reducing caspase-1 activity

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is an important risk factor for renal diseases and contributes to gout. Arhalofenate (Arha) has been proved to have uricosuric activity as an inhibitor of URAT1, organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4) and OAT10. However, the effects of Arha on HUA remain unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate whether Arha could alleviate HUA and uncovered the underlying mechanism in vitro. HK-2 cells were exposed to uric acid (UA) to simulate HUA in vitro. Then cells were treated with Arha, caspase-1 inhibitor Belnacasan (Beln), caspase-11 inhibitor Wedelolactone (Wede) and PPARγ inhibitor Mifobate, respectively. The alteration of cell proliferation, inflammation, pyroptosis and expression of related proteins were detected. Results showed that UA exposure inhibited cell viability and increased IL-1β and IL-18 generation in a concentration dependent manner. Meanwhile, UA activated the cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD), enhanced the protein expression of URAT1, OAT4, TLR4, caspase-1, and caspase-11 and reduced PPARγ expression. While the presence of Arha or Beln enhanced cell viability and inhibited cleavage of GSDMD. Wede slightly increased cell viability but failed to prevent GSDMD cleavage. The expression of related proteins except caspase-11was also recovered by Arha. Beln and Wede partially rescued related proteins level except PPARγ compared with model group. Besides, the co-treatment of Mifobate blunted the effects of Arha on cell viability and expression of GSDMD, TLR4, and caspase-1. In conclusion, Arha inhibited UA transport as well as preventing inflammation and pyroptosis via activating PPARγ thereby blocking caspase-1 activation of HUA in vitro.     

Uric acid and incident chronic kidney disease in dyslipidemic individuals

Background: Elevated uric acid (UA) is a recognized risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate whether this association exists in dyslipidemic patients receiving multifactorial treatment.

Methods: An observational study conducted in Greece including 1,269 dyslipidemic individuals followed-up in a lipid clinic for ≥3 years. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by CKD-EPI equation and CKD was defined as ≤60?mL/min/1.73 m². The correlation was assessed between UA levels and the CKD risk after adjusting for potential confounding factors, after defining the following UA quartiles: Q1: ?6?mg/dL.

Results: After excluding patients with baseline eGFR <60?mL/min/1.73 m², gout and those taking UA-lowering drugs, 1,095 individuals were eligible; of those, 91% and 69% were treated with statins and anti-hypertensive drugs, respectively. During their follow-up (6 years; IQR?=?4–10), 11.9% of the subjects developed CKD, whereas the median annual eGFR decline was 0.69?mL/min/1.73 m² (IQR?=?0.45–2.33). Multivariate analysis showed that baseline UA levels (HR?=?1.26; 95% CI?=?1.09–1.45, p?=?.001), female gender (HR?=?1.74; 95% CI?=?1.14–2.65, p?=?.01), age (HR?=?1.10; 95% CI?=?1.07–1.12, p?p?=?.03), cardiovascular disease (HR?=?1.62; 95% CI?=?1.02–2.58, p?=?.04), decreased baseline renal function (eGFR <90?mL/min/1.73 m²) (HR?=?2.38; 95% CI?=?1.14–4.81, p?=?.02), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction (HR?=?0.995; 95% CI?=?0.991–0.998, p?=?.01) were associated with incident CKD. Additionally, patients with UA ≥6?mg/dL exhibited a higher risk of incident CKD compared with those in the lowest UA quartile (HR?=?2.01; 95% CI?=?1.11–3.65, p?=?.02).

Conclusion: Higher UA levels are correlated with a higher risk of incident CKD in dyslipidemic individuals taking multifactorial treatment.     

苯溴马隆对高尿酸血症模型大鼠脂质代谢的影响

目的 基于脂质组学方法研究苯溴马隆治疗高尿酸血症（hyperuricemia,HUA）大鼠的作用机制,并揭示尿酸水平增高与脂质代谢异常的内在相关性。方法 利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF/MS）技术,结合主成分分析（PCA）和偏最小二乘法判别分析（OPLS-DA）研究正常组、模型组和苯溴马隆组的大鼠血清中内源性脂质代谢物的变化,寻找潜在生物标记物,分析相关代谢通路,绘制代谢网络机制图。结果 脂质组学分析发现,苯溴马隆可使HUA大鼠体内水平异常的20个差异代谢物回调到正常水平;相关代谢通路分析发现,苯溴马隆影响果糖诱导HUA大鼠血清中的脂质水平,主要与甘油磷脂代谢通路相关。结论 苯溴马隆对HUA的治疗可能与改善体内甘油磷脂代谢通路异常密切相关。     

Design,synthesis, and molecular docking studies of N‐(9,10‐anthraquinone‐2‐carbonyl)amino acid derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors

A series of N‐(9,10‐anthraquinone‐2‐carbonyl)amino acid derivatives ( 1a–j ) was designed and synthesized as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Among them, the L/D‐phenylalanine derivatives ( 1d and 1i ) and the L/D‐tryptophan derivatives ( 1e and 1j ) were effective with micromolar level potency. In particular, the L‐phenylalanine derivative 1d (IC₅₀ = 3.0 μm ) and the D‐phenylalanine derivative 1i (IC₅₀ = 2.9 μm ) presented the highest potency and were both more potent than the positive control allopurinol (IC₅₀ = 8.1 μm ). Preliminary SAR analysis pointed that an aromatic amino acid fragment, for example, phenylalanine or tryptophan, was essential for the inhibition; the D‐amino acid derivative presented equal or greater potency compared to its L‐enantiomer; and the 9,10‐anthraquinone moiety was welcome for the inhibition. Molecular simulations provided rational binding models for compounds 1d and 1i in the xanthine oxidase active pocket. As a result, compounds 1d and 1i could be promising lead compounds for further investigation.     

氯沙坦联合螺内酯片治疗原发性高尿酸血症并高血压的效果及对三酰甘油的影响

目的：研究氯沙坦联合螺内酯片治疗原发性高尿酸血症并高血压的效果及其对三酰甘油（TG）的影响。方法以2013年2月～2014年5月本院收治的80例原发性高尿酸血症并高血压患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法均分为观察组与对照组,观察组给予氯沙坦联合螺内酯片治疗,对照组仅行氯沙坦治疗。连续用药8周,比较治疗前（T1）,治疗后2、4、6、8周（T2、T3、T4、T5）血压与血尿酸的变化,同时比较血TG的变化。结果两组血尿酸均得到有效控制,其水平随时间延长呈现显著下降趋势,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且从T3时刻开始,数据较T1时刻差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组各时间点血尿酸水平差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组血压均得到有效控制,舒张压及收缩压均随时间延长显著下降（P＜0.05）;但各时间点组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组血TG水平均呈上升趋势（P＜0.05）;自T3开始,观察组血TG相较对照组更低（P＜0.05）。结论氯沙坦联合螺内酯片可有效降低原发性高尿酸血症并高血压患者的血尿酸及血压水平,同时还有助于抑制血TG升高。     

抗高尿酸血症药物研究进展

痛风是一种代谢性疾病,危害严重,近年来患病率呈上升趋势。尿酸排泄减少或生成增多所致的高尿酸血症是痛风的主要病因,而高尿酸又与多种疾病密切相关。降低血尿酸水平是治疗痛风,预防痛风复发的重要措施。目前,抗高尿酸血症药物主要有3类,分别是黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂、尿酸盐阴离子转运蛋白1(URAT1)抑制剂和尿酸氧化酶类似物。对现有抗高尿酸血症药物的现状以及研究进展进行总结,希望对其研发提供参考。     

Comparative effects of topiroxostat and febuxostat on arterial properties in hypertensive patients with hyperuricemia

Elevated serum uric acid is a cardiovascular risk factor in patients with hypertension, even when blood pressure (BP) is well controlled. Xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors (XORi) reduce serum uric acid levels and have several other potential effects. This multicenter, randomized, open‐label study compared the effects of two XORi, topiroxostat and febuxostat, on arterial stiffness, uric acid levels, and BP in hypertensive patients with hyperuricemia. Patients received topiroxostat 40–160 mg/day or febuxostat 10–60 mg/day, titrated to maintain serum uric acid <6 mg/dl, for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in the cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI) from baseline to 24 weeks. There were no significant changes in CAVI from baseline to 24 weeks (from 9.13 to 9.16 [feboxustat] and 8.98 to 9.01 [topiroxostat]). Compared with baseline, there were significant reductions in serum uric acid (–2.9 and –2.5 mg/dl; both p < 0.001) and morning home systolic BP (–3.6 and –5.1 mm Hg; both p < 0.01) after 24 weeks'' treatment with febuxostat and topiroxostat. BP decreased to the greatest extent in the subgroup of patients with uncontrolled blood pressure at baseline. Topiroxostat, but not febuxostat, significantly decreased plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity versus baseline. The urinary albumin‐creatinine ratio (UACR) decreased significantly from baseline to 24 weeks with topiroxostat (–20.8%; p = 0.021), but not febuxostat (–8.8%; p = 0.362). In conclusion, neither topiroxostat nor febuxostat had any significant effects on arterial stiffness over 24 weeks'' treatment.