Physical and Sexual Abuse and their Relation to Psychiatric Disorder and Suicidal Behavior among Adolescents who are Psychiatrically Hospitalized

Adolescents who were psychiatrically hospitalized ( N = 105) were classified as sexually abused, physically abused, both sexually and physically abused, or not abused, and studied to determine the prevalence of suicidal behavior and psychiatric disorders. Self-reports of hopelessness, depression, coping, and self-concept were also examined. No difference in suicidal behavior or psychiatric disorder, based on abuse history, was found, with one exception. Adolescents who were sexually abused, particularly those who experienced the most severe sexual abuse, used negative coping strategies more often than those not sexually abused. Findings suggest that symptomatology of adolescents who are psychiatrically hospitalized does not differ markedly based on history of abuse.     

补充维生素A、β－胡萝卜素对农村青少年机体维生素A储存水平的影响

本文对８２名１２～１５岁、体重３５～４５ｋｇ的农村初中学生进行了维生素Ａ、β－胡萝卜素的补充实验研究。实验１组（ｎ＝２１）每天补充２ｍｇ的β－胡萝卜素，实验２组（ｎ＝１９）每天补充６ｍｇ的β－胡萝素，实验３组（ｎ＝２４）每天补充４００μｇＲＥ维生素儿分别在实验初始、第四周末、第六周末和第八周末抽血测定。在实验的第七周，将补胡萝卜素的两组改为补维生素Ａ１０００μｇＲＥ、补维生素Ａ组改为补６ｍｇ的β－胡萝卜素。对照组（ｎ＝１８）给予安慰剂。结果显示：每天摄入营养素推荐摄入量（ＲＤＡ）剂量和２倍ＲＤＡ剂量的β－胡萝卜素，对于提高机体维生素Ａ、β－胡萝卜素水平的效果是相同的，而直接补充维生素Ａ，机体维生素Ａ、β－胡萝卜、素水平略高于补胡萝卜素组。本研究探讨了我国青少年确实的营养状况，也提示维生素Ａ在维生素Ａ营养中具有胡萝卜素不可替代的作用。     

Special issue: Group treatment after child and adolescent sexual abuse: Introduction

This introduction traces the increasing awareness of the prevalence of child sexual abuse over the last 20 years, examines the nature and consequences of such abuse and summarizes current information on the use of group treatment and its evaluation with sexually abused children and adolescents and their parents. Four examples of group treatment with different populations of abused children are described in this issue.     

Physical Similarity and Twin Resemblance for Eating Attitudes and Behaviors: A Test of the Equal Environments Assumption

The Equal Environments Assumption (EEA) in twin studies of eating pathology was investigated by examining the hypothesis that twin resemblance for eating attitudes and behaviors is affected by their degree of physical similarity. Eating attitudes and behaviors were assessed in 338 female adolescent twin pairs with a revised version of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI). General physical similarity as well as body size/shape similarity were assessed using ratings of color photographs, ratings of body shape, and body mass index. All physical similarity assessments were conducted blind to twin zygosity. Significant associations between physical similarity and twin similarity for eating attitudes and behaviors were not found. Mean EDI within-twin pair absolute difference scores did not differ significantly among more versus less physically-similar groups. Additionally, correlation and regression analyses failed to find a significant association between EDI absolute difference scores and physical similarity indices. The current findings provide support for the EEA in twin studies of eating attitudes and behaviors.     

Stress,coping, family conflict,and adolescent alcohol use

This study examined alcohol use among seventh graders in relation to life events, daily hassles, the supportive quality of the family environment, coping, and anxiety. Four hundred twenty-five students participated, 228 girls and 197 boys. Stepwise regression and discriminant function analyses indicated that the students reported more alcohol use if they also reported more life events, more daily hassles, and more conflict in the family. A stress-buffering effect of low family conflict on life events could not be substantiated for extent of alcohol use. The results are discussed in the context of the developmental transitions of adolescence.     

香烟烟雾暴露对未成年小鼠齿状回神经发生和小胶质细胞的影响

为探讨香烟烟雾暴露(cigarette smoking exposure,CSE)对未成年小鼠的神经发生及学习记忆的影响,本研究用亲和组织化学方法,以5-溴脱氧尿苷(5-bromodeoxyuridine,BrdU)和西非单叶豆同工凝集素-B4(Bandeirae SimplicifoliaIsolectin-B4,BSI-B4)分别标记新生细胞和小胶质细胞(microglia,MG),观察了CSE小鼠齿状回内的神经发生及MG数目的变化,并通过Morris水迷宫训练测验其空间学习能力。结果显示:CSE下小鼠齿状回内的神经发生降低,MG数目显著减少;而在水迷宫的学习中,CSE组的逃避潜伏期亦明显长于对照组(P<0.05)。上述结果表明CSE损害了未成年小鼠齿状回内的神经发生,抑制了MG的激活,同时小鼠的空间学习能力与神经发生及激活的MG数量平行变化。此结果提示CSE造成的学习能力降低可能与齿状回神经发生及MG减少有关。     

RADS抑郁量表的修订

本文报导应用ＲｅｙｎｏｌｄｓＡｄｏｌｅｓｃｅｎｔＤｅｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓｃａｌｅ（ＲＡＤＳ）抑郁量表在全国７省市对３９０５名中学生测量的结果，量表重测相关系数为０．７９、Ｃｒｏｎｂｅｃｈα系数为０．８８、分半信度相关系数为０．８８；与流调中心用抑郁量表（ＣＥＳ－Ｄ）的相关系数为０．８４；因子分析结果表明该量表有较好的结构效度。     

广西三江县侗族青少年头发中9种元素的含量

目的　确定广西三江县侗族青少年头发中 9种人体必需元素含量的正常值。方法　用偏振塞曼原子吸收仪 ,检测了来自三江县的 993名 7～ 16岁中小学生头发中镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜和镁 9种人体必需元素的含量 ,并用SPSS统计软件进行统计分析。结果　广西三江县侗族中小学生头发中 ,镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜和镁 9种人体必需元素的含量没有性别差异 ;硒、铬、铁、锌、钙和铜与年龄呈负相关 ;制订了镍、硒、钴、铬、铁、锌、钙、铜、镁 9种元素的头发含量的正常值范围。结论　广西三江县中学生头发中硒、铬、铁、锌、钙和铜含量有明显年龄差异 ,而镍、钴和镁却没有年龄差异。     

儿童青少年心理健康量表的编制和信效度检验

目的:编制一个用于儿童和青少年的心理健康量表,检验其信度和效度。方法:用新编的心理健康量表测查全国12个省(市)9278名儿童或他们的父母和143名异常样本,间隔5周的重测样本有87人,父母和儿童报告一致性检验样本56人,效标效度样本30人。用相关分析和因素分析考查量表的信度和效度。结果:新编量表的重测信度为0·713,Crobachα系数为0·847,分半信度为0·800,评定者信度为0·874;正常儿童在量表上的得分显著高于异常样本的得分(F=63·34-238·8,P<0·01);新编量表总分及分量表与儿童行为量表(CBCL)得分有一定的正或负的相关(r=0·27~0·609,P<0·05或0·01);探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析结果显示因素模式与量表编制者的理论构想一致。结论:儿少心理健康量表具有较好的信度和效度,可以用于儿童和青少年的心理健康评估。     

儿少心理问题筛查表的编制和信效度分析

目的：编制一个用于儿童和青少年的心理问题筛查表，检验其信度和效度。方法：用新编的心理问题筛查表测查全国12个省（市）9278名儿童或他们的父母和143名临床样本，间隔5周的重测样本87人，父母和儿童报告一致性检验样本56人，效标效度样本65人。用相关分析和因素分析考查量表的信度和效度。结果：新编筛查表具有较好的信度（重测信度为0．761、Crobacha系数为0．949、分半信度为0．868、评定者信度为0．799）；正常儿童在筛查表上的得分显著高于临床样本的得分；新编筛查表总分和分量表与儿童行为量表总分和类似分量表有显著的相关：探索性因素分析和验证性斟素分析与量表编制者的理论构想一致。结论：儿少心理健康量表具有较好的信度和效度．可以用于儿童和青少年的心理问题的筛查．