Analysis of intracranial pressure

Methods for the acquisition and analysis of intracranial pressure (ICP) signals are reviewed from clinical and technical perspectives. The clinical importance of ICP monitoring is presented, and methods for ICP transduction are briefly discussed. These methods include intraventricular catheters, subarachnoid screws, epidural techniques, and the new fiberoptic ICP measurement systems. Approaches to the visual analysis of the ICP waveform are presented, with special emphasis on the relationship between the ICP waveform and the arterial blood pressure signal. Methods of computer-based ICP analysis are also reviewed, including histogram and systems analysis methods. Methods to predict ICP pressure rises and to estimate intracranial compliance are also discussed. Finally, ICP monitoring is reviewed from the point of view of patient outcome. It is concluded that advanced ICP waveform analysis methods warrant further clinical evaluation to demonstrate their clinical usefulness.     

中药注射剂不良反应监测的初步报告

目的 了解中药注射剂不良反应情况，探讨与不良反应的发生有关的影响因素。方法 采用医院集中监测方法，收集医院内所有使用中药注射剂的住院病人的临床资料和所有相关的不良事件，对不良反应因果关系进行判断，分析各种影响因素与不良反应发生的关系。结果 收集到3375例住院患者资料，发生与中药注射剂有关的不良事件共有51例，因果关系判断为“可能”者有11例，判断为“很可能”者有40例。与中药注射剂有关的可能不良反应的发生率为1．51％，92％的不良反应属于过敏反应。所监测的中药注射剂有31种，其中以鸦胆子油乳注射液、灯盏花素注射液和参附注射液的不良反应发生率较高。Logistic逐步回归分析表明，退休相对于体力劳动、较高的教育程度相对于文盲来说，不良反应发生的危险性较高。结论 中医内科病房住院病人中药注射剂不良反应的发生较少，但个别中药注射剂不良反应发生率较高，应引起注意。     

全身麻醉对小儿听性脑干反应测试结果的影响

目的　研究应用听性脑干反应 (auditorybrainstemreaction ,ABR)作为监测小儿全身麻醉深度与觉醒的客观指标。方法　选择听力正常的外科择期手术患儿 4 5例 ,按照美国麻醉学家学会表针分为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级 ,分别施行异丙酚静脉麻醉、芬太尼静脉麻醉及异氟醚吸入全身麻醉 ,随机每组 15例 ,应用丹麦Madsen诱发电位反应仪监测并记录麻醉各阶段ABR的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期及Ⅰ Ⅲ、Ⅲ Ⅴ、Ⅰ Ⅴ波间期 ,研究观察潜伏期和波间期随时间推移及麻醉剂量变化之间的关系 ,探讨ABR在异丙酚、芬太尼及异氟醚等不同麻醉中的表现特征和规律。结果　①异丙酚静脉麻醉和异氟醚吸入麻醉与剂量呈良好的正相关 ;②Ⅰ波的潜伏期特性对于控制麻醉深度极为重要 ;③Ⅴ波监测麻醉具有最佳的稳定性及相关性 ;④停用麻醉药一段时间或患儿基本清醒时 ,ABR各波潜伏期和波间期有的仍高于正常值 ,这是滞后 (延迟 )反应 ;⑤ABR对芬太尼术中的觉醒监测不太敏感。结论　ABR各波的潜伏期及波间期变化 ,可判断小儿全身麻醉深度 ,在一定程度上可作为判断觉醒的参考 ,但应考虑有延迟反应的可能     

125I标记抗胃癌单克隆抗体3H11在胃癌放射免疫导向手术中的应用

目的　探讨12 5I标记抗胃癌单克隆抗体MAb 3H11在胃癌放射免疫导向手术 (RIGS)中的应用价值。　方法　胃癌患者 35例 ,在胃镜直视下将12 5I标记的MAb 3H11注射于癌周围粘膜下 ,4～ 11d后手术 ;术中使用手持式γ探测仪对靶部位 (T)及对照本底 (NT)进行放射性计数 ,T/NT比值≥ 3 5为判别胃癌及癌浸润胃壁的标准 ,T/NT≥ 3 0为判定转移淋巴结的标准 ;对RIGS阳性、而术后常规病理检查阴性的 19组淋巴结 ,采用免疫组织化学方法检测微转移癌。　结果　本组病例中 ,33例RIGS获得成功 ,RIGS判别切缘癌浸润的总特异性和准确率分别为 98 5 %和 97 0 % ;注射标记抗体后 6～ 8d手术的患者 (n =2 5 ) ,RIGS判别区域淋巴结转移的敏感度、特异性及准确率分别为 83 6 %、95 0 %和 91 3% ;免疫组织化学染色从 10组 (5 2 6 % )RIGS阳性 ;而术后常规病理检查阴性的淋巴结中检出胃癌微转移灶。　结论　应用12 5I标记抗胃癌单克隆抗体MAb 3H11进行胃癌RIGS ,可有效判别胃癌浸润范围及区域淋巴结转移程度。     

掌握国际动态发挥中国在国际药品不良反应药品中的作用

药品安全性问题是全球共同关注的焦点,药品不良反应监测是发现上市药品安全隐患的重要手段.应在全面掌握国际药品不良反应监测工作发展动态的前提下,建立一套具有中国特色的药品不良反应监测体系,充分发挥中国在国际药品不良反应监测中的作用.     

85例药品不良反应报告分析

目的：了解我院ADR报告基本情况和ADR发生情况。方法：统计2003年12月～2004年12月各途径收集的85例ADR报告表．对ADR涉及的药品种类、临床表现、合并用药情况、因果关系及收集途径进行分析。结果：85例ADR报告中50例为抗感染药和中药制剂，占全部报告表的58．82％，ADR表现以过敏反应发生比例最高，占65．63％．医护人员自愿报告的ADR病例大多数也为过敏反应。结论：应加强ADR监测工作，降低漏报率，尤茸应多玲径收集过敏反应以外的药品不良反应．提高报表质量。     

中国2004年碘盐监测

目的了解全国生产和居民层次碘盐的合格及食用情况。方法每个县按五个不同方位随机抽取9个乡,每个乡抽取4个村,其中2个村在乡政府所在地及其附近抽取,另2个村为“问题地区”或距乡政府5 km以外的村。每个村(居委会)随机抽取8份居民户盐样。碘盐检测采用GB/T 13025.7-1999中直接滴定法;川盐或特殊盐种采用仲裁法定量测定。合格碘盐判定标准为(35±15) mg/kg(20-50 mg/kg);非碘盐判定标准为<5 mg/kg。结果全国生产层次(除西藏和新疆外)碘盐的批质量合格率为97.39%;居民层次(除新疆外)的碘盐合格率为96.45%,合格碘盐食用率为93.47%,非碘盐率3.09%,这几项指标的检测结果均与2002年的情况持平。四川和青海两省生产层次的批质量合格率均低于90%。四川和海南省居民层次的碘盐合格率低于90%。西藏、海南、北京、青海、广东、四川和浙江7个省(自治区、市)的居民合格碘盐食用率低于90%。西藏、海南、北京、青海和广东5个省(自治区、市)的居民非碘盐率低于90%。结论从全国水平来看,生产层次的碘盐质量状况良好。不仅部分西部省份,而且部分东部沿海省份(包括北京市)的居民层次的合格碘盐食用率都存在低于90%的问题,提示今后在关注西部地区的同时,还要关注那些新出现的问题地区,通讨不断提高居民合格碘盐食用率,来促进碘缺乏病的可持续消除。     

腹腔镜下嗜铬细胞瘤切除37例围术期麻醉处理

目的探讨嗜铬细胞瘤围术期合适的麻醉管理。方法术前α1受体阻滞剂、Ca2+通道阻滞剂扩容等准备1~2周;术前30min给予东琅菪碱、安定,37例均采用硬膜外复合气管内全麻。硬膜外起效后开始全麻诱导插管,静注芬太尼、异丙酚、维库溴胺,维持用异丙酚、芬太尼。术中多巴胺、去甲肾上腺、酚妥拉明、硝酸甘油、硝普钠控制血压。术后48h硬膜外自控泵持续镇痛(PCEA)。分析嗜铬细胞患者手术前、中、后麻醉处理。结果术前准备充分,麻醉满意,手术顺利,术后管理得当,镇痛效果确切,患者恢复良好。结论所用麻醉方法、围术期麻醉管理是安全的、合理可行的。     

Biomonitoring of ciguatoxin exposure in mice using blood collection cards.

Ciguatera is a human food poisoning caused by consumption of tropical and subtropical fish that have, through their diet, accumulated ciguatoxins in their tissues. This study used laboratory mice to investigate the potential to apply blood collection cards to biomonitor ciguatoxin exposure. Quantitation by the neuroblastoma cytotoxicity assay of Caribbean ciguatoxin (C-CTX-1) spiked into mice blood was made with good precision and recovery. The blood collected from mice exposed to a sublethal dose of Caribbean ciguatoxic extract (0.59 ng/g C-CTX-1 equivalents) was analyzed and found to contain detectable toxin levels at least 12 h post-exposure. Calculated concentration varied from 0.25 ng/ml at 30 min post-exposure to 0.12 ng/ml at 12 h. A dose response mice exposure revealed a linear dose-dependent increase of ciguatoxin activity in mice blood, with more polar ciguatoxin congeners contributing to 89% of the total toxicity. Finally, the toxin measurement in mice blood exposed to toxic extracts from the Indian Ocean or from the Pacific Ocean showed that the blood collection card method could be extended to each of the three known ciguatoxin families (C-CTX, I-CTX and P-CTX). The low matrix effect of extracted dried-blood samples (used at 1:10 or 1:20 dilution) and the high sensitivity of the neuroblastoma assay (limit of detection 0.006 ng/ml C-CTX-1), determined that the blood collection card method is suitable to monitor ciguatoxin at sublethal doses in mice and opens the potential to be a useful procedure for fish screening, environmental risk assessment or clinical diagnosis of ciguatera fish poisoning in humans or marine mammals.     

Einfluss des Geschlechts auf den Verlauf der neuromuskulären Blockade nach Rocuronium

BACKGROUND: We studied 40 patients (20 female and 20 male) undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia to evaluate the effect of gender on the pharmacodynamics of rocuronium. METHODS: Using electromyography (EMG) we determined the maximal neuromuscular block and time course of action of 0.45 mg/kg rocuronium (1.5 x ED95). RESULTS: Age and body mass index were comparable between females and males (38 (+/- 8) vs. 37 (+/- 10) years and 24.2 (+/- 2.9) vs. 25.2 (+/- 1.7) kg/m2. However, significant differences in weight and height were found between females and males (65.7 +/- 9.3 kg vs. 77.5 +/- 5.5 kg; p < 0.01 and 178 +/- 6.8 cm vs. 164 +/- 6.7 cm; p < 0.01). Onset time was shorter in females (168 +/- 65 s vs. 211 +/- 56 s; p < 0.05). Maximal neuromuscular blockade after 0.45 mg/kg rocuronium was 94 (+/- 3) % in females and 89 (+/- 6) % in males; p < 0.01. Clinical duration was increased in females (23 +/- 5 min vs. 17 +/- 5 min; p < 0.05), while the recovery index was comparable between both groups (9 +/- 4 min in females and 9 +/- 3 min in males; n.s.). CONCLUSION: Compared to men neuromuscular blockade after 0.45 mg/kg rocuronium was more pronounced in women. The onset time was shortened and the clinical duration increased in female patients.