角膜塑型术矫正近视二年后的临床观察

目的 :探讨角膜塑型术 (Orthokeratology ,简称Or tho K镜 )矫正近视的远期疗效 ,了解其对近视的矫正及控制近视进展的效果。并观察其安全程度。方法 :配戴Ortho K镜二年以上的青少年近视眼患者 ,共 86例 16 6眼 ,平均年龄(15 .5± 2 .6 )岁 ( 10～ 2 5岁 ) ,平均屈光度 ( - 4 .0 2± 1.78)D( -1.5～ - 7.0D)。对配戴前、后的角膜曲率、角膜地形图、角膜厚度、眼轴、眼压进行检测 ,平均观察期为 ( 2 8.2 5± 3.74 )个月。结果 :配戴前后平均裸眼视力分别为 0 .2 1± 0 .10和0 .99± 0 .2 3,差异有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;配戴前后角膜水平曲率均值分别为 ( 4 3.0 5± 1.10 )D和 ( 4 0 .84± 1.38)D ;配戴前后眼轴 (眼球前后径 )均值分别为 ( 2 4 .93± 0 .82 )mm和( 2 5 .16± 0 .82 )mm ,每年眼轴增长均值为 ( 0 .12± 0 .4 1)mm ;配戴前后角膜厚度均值分别为 ( 0 .5 6 5± 0 .0 30 )mm和 ( 0 .5 5 7±0 .0 34)mm ,配戴后角膜厚度平均变薄 0 .0 0 9mm ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;配戴前后眼压均值分别为 ( 15 .95± 2 .92 )mmHg和 ( 15 .35± 2 .6 0 )mmHg ,配戴后眼压平均下降 0 .6 0mmHg,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。配戴Ortho K镜期间有 79眼发生过角膜点状浸润 ,占配戴眼数的 4 7.31%。结论 :Or t     

Interactions of chronic lead exposure and intermittent stress: consequences for brain catecholamine systems and associated behaviors and HPA axis function.

Elevated lead (Pb) burden and high stress levels are co-occurring risk factors in low socioeconomic status (SES) children. Our previous work demonstrated that maternal Pb exposure can permanently alter hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and responsivity to stress challenges in offspring. The current study sought to determine the consequences of chronic Pb exposures initiated later in development combined with variable intermittent stress challenges. Male rats were exposed chronically from weaning to 0, 50, or 150 ppm Pb acetate drinking solutions (producing blood Pb levels of <5, 9-15, and 23-27 mug/dl, respectively). Pb itself decreased basal plasma corticosterone, with greater effects at 50 than 150 ppm; 150 ppm reduced both cytosolic and nuclear glucocorticoid receptor binding. Responsivity to stress challenges including novelty, cold, and restraint, was measured as changes in Fixed Interval (FI) schedule-controlled behavior in a subset of rats within each group. FI performance was modified by novelty stress only in Pb-treated rats, whereas cold and restraint stress effects were comparable across groups. Novelty elevated corticosterone equivalently across groups, but cold stress markedly increased corticosterone only in Pb-treated groups. The pattern of Pb-induced changes in serotonin (5-HT) or its metabolite 5-HIAA in frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, striatum, and hypothalamus resembled that observed for basal corticosterone levels indicating a relationship between these variables. In addition to suggesting the potential for HPA axis-mediated effects of Pb on the central nervous system, these findings also raise questions about whether single chemicals studied in isolation from other relevant risk factors can adequately identify neurotoxic hazards.     

基于16S rDNA测序的肠道菌群探讨解郁祛痰化浊方对高脂饮食大鼠肠-肝轴的影响

目的 研究解郁祛痰化浊方（JQHP）对高脂饮食大鼠肠道菌群的影响，探讨中药调控肠道微生物群进而恢复肠-肝轴的平衡。方法 将70只雄性SPF级别Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组（10只）与模型组（60只），正常组饲喂正常饲料，模型组饲喂高脂饲料。12周后将模型组随机分为6组，每组10只，即模型组，血脂康组，立普妥组，JQHP低、中、高剂量组。JQHP低、中、高剂量组分别灌胃JQHP颗粒剂0.4，0.8，1.6 g·kg^-1，立普妥组予立普妥2 mg·kg^-1，血脂康组予血脂康0.1 g·kg^-1，正常组和模型组大鼠灌胃同等量蒸馏水，连续灌胃8周后收集粪便，进行16S rRNA基因测序，行腹主动脉取血检测血脂，取肝脏组织及回肠组织苏木素-伊红（HE）染色后进行病理形态学观察。结果 与正常组比较，模型组大鼠血脂四项总胆固醇（TC），甘油三酯（TG），低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）均见明显升高，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）降低（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，血脂康组、立普妥组TC，TG显著性下降（P<0.01），血脂康组HDL-C升高（P<0.05）。JQHP中剂量组较模型组对肝脏脂肪样变有一定的缓解作用，可以减轻炎性细胞的浸润情况。JQHP可使回肠结构淋巴组织增生情况好转，且中剂量组疗效最显著。Shannon曲线结果表明，与正常组比较，JQHP中剂量组显著提高（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，JQHP中、高剂量组明显升高（P<0.05，P<0.01）；与JQHP中剂量组比较，其他用药组降低（P<0.05，P<0.01）。主成分多样性分析（PCA）示中药中剂量组多样性和丰度高于其他用药组。线性判别分析（LDA）中，与正常组比较，模型组拟杆菌纲，瘤胃球菌科，拟杆菌S24-7，瘤胃球菌UCG-005下调（P<0.01），脱硫弧菌目、丹毒丝菌目、毛螺菌科上调（P<0.05，P<0.01）。与模型组比较，JQHP中剂量组的拟杆菌纲，瘤胃球菌科，拟杆菌S24-7，瘤胃球菌UCG-005上调（P<0.05，P<0.01），丹毒丝菌目下调（P<0.01）。与JQHP中剂量组比较，其他用药组拟杆菌纲，瘤胃球菌科，拟杆菌S24-7，瘤胃球菌UCG-005中降低（P<0.05，P<0.01），在丹毒丝菌目、毛螺菌科中升高（P<0.05，P<0.01）。结论 JQHP调整肠道物种丰度和多样性，改善肝脏组织和回肠黏膜状态，调节血脂水平，恢复正常肠道生态环境，可能与调节与炎症相关的肠道菌群而恢复肠-肝轴平衡有关，以中剂量组效果最佳。     

肠道菌群与围手术期神经认知障碍研究进展

围手术期神经认知障碍(perioperative neurocognitive disorders,PND)是麻醉和手术相关的常见并发症,其机制和干预研究一直以来都是麻醉和围手术期医学领域的热点和重点问题。目前,大量证据证实肠道菌群与大脑之间存在着重要的交互关联,称为肠-脑轴。肠道菌群是肠-脑轴重要一环,其稳态对神经认知功能起着重要的调控作用。文章基于目前的研究,就麻醉和外科手术对肠道菌群的影响,肠道菌群失调在PND中的作用及其潜在机制,以及通过调节肠道菌群对PND的干预作用等方面进行综述,以期为临床及科学研究提供参考。     

A dysbiotic subpopulation of alcohol-dependent subjects

The vast majority of studies that assessed the importance of biological factors for the development of psychiatric disorders focused on processes occurring at the brain level. Alcohol-dependence is a very frequent psychiatric disorder where psycho-pharmacological interventions are only of moderate efficacy. Our laboratory has recently described that a subpopulation of alcohol-dependent subjects, that accounted for approximately 40% of individuals tested, presented with an increased intestinal permeability, with a dysbiosis, with alterations in the metabolomic content of faeces - that could play a role in the increased permeability - and finally with a more severe profile of alcohol-dependence than the other non-dysbiotic subpopulation. In this addendum, we discuss the implications of our observations for the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence where we try to discriminate which addiction dimensions are likely related to the gut microbiota alterations and whether these alterations are the cause or the consequence of drinking habits.     

Differences in knee adduction moment between healthy subjects and patients with osteoarthritis depend on the knee axis definition

ObjectiveThis study, firstly, investigates the effect of using an anatomical versus a functional axis of rotation (FAR) on knee adduction moment (KAM) in healthy subjects and patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Secondly, this study reports KAM for models with FAR calculated using weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing motion.DesignThree musculoskeletal models were created using OpenSim with different knee axis of rotation (AR): transepicondylar axis (TEA); FAR calculated based on SARA algorithm using a weight-bearing motion (wFAR) and a non-weight-bearing motion (nwFAR). KAM were calculated during gait in fifty-nine subjects (n = 20 healthy, n = 16 early OA, n = 23 established OA) for all models and groups.ResultsSignificant differences between the three groups in the first peak KAM were found when TEA was used (p = 0.038). However, these differences were no longer present when using FAR. In subjects with established OA, KAMs were significantly reduced when using nwFAR compared to TEA models but also compared to wFAR models.ConclusionThe presence of excessive KAM in subjects with established KOA showed to be dependent on the definition of the AR: anatomical versus functional. Therefore, caution should be accounted when comparing KAM in different studies on KOA patients. In patients with end-stage knee OA where increased passive knee laxity is likely to exist, the use of weight-bearing motions should be considered to avoid increased variability in the location and orientation of a FAR obtained from activities with only limited joint loading.     

化痰通络汤对脑缺血/再灌注大鼠“肠-脑”轴的干预作用

目的 基于“肠-脑”轴探讨化痰通络汤（HTTLD）对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑组织和肠道形态和功能的影响。方法 将60只SPF级雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组，模型组，HTTLD高、中、低剂量组（28.66，14.33，7.16 g·kg^-1），依达拉奉（4 g·kg^-1）+丁酸梭菌（5.0×10⁸ cfu·mL^-1）组，采用大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型，灌胃给药HTTLD，神经功能缺损评分和2，3，5-氯化三苯四氮唑（TTC）染色法测定脑组织损伤，小肠推进率观察脑缺血再灌注对肠道动力的影响，十二指肠黏膜的病理形态学检测评价肠黏膜细胞损伤，酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）测定血清D-乳酸（D-LAC），二胺氧化酶（DAO），细菌内毒素（LPS）含量，蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）检测十二指肠的闭合蛋白（Occludin），紧密连接蛋白-5（Claudin-5），闭锁小带蛋白-1（ZO-1）蛋白的表达。结果 脑缺血再灌注后，大鼠出现神经功能缺损症状，与假手术组比较，模型组神经功能缺损评分显著升高（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，HTTLD中、高剂量组能显著减少神经功能缺损症状，降低神经功能缺损评分（P<0.01）。与假手术组比较，模型组大鼠脑组织出现明显梗死灶，脑梗死率显著升高（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，各给药组脑梗死体积明显减少（P<0.01），以HTTLD高剂量组的效应最佳，且效应具有剂量依赖性。小肠推进率结果显示，与假手术组比较，模型组小肠推进率显著降低（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，各给药组能显著升高小肠推进率（P<0.01），以HTTLD高剂量效应最佳，且效应具有剂量依赖性。十二指肠黏膜组织病理学检测显示，脑缺血再灌注后十二指肠黏膜可见明显损伤，各给药组黏膜损伤情况明显减轻。与假手术组比较，模型组ZO-1，Occludin，Claudin-5蛋白表达均显著降低（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，HTTLD低、中、高剂量组能不同程度上调ZO-1，Occludin，Claudin-5蛋白表达（P<0.05，P<0.01），以高剂量组的效应最为显著。与假手术组比较，模型组血清D-LAC，DAO，LPS蛋白含量均显著升高（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，各给药组D-LAC，DAO含量均明显降低（P<0.05，P<0.01），HTTLD中、高剂量组明显降低LPS含量（P<0.05，P<0.01），且HTTLD高剂量组的作用最明显。结论 脑缺血再灌注后，大鼠脑组织受损、出现神经功能障碍，同时肠道黏膜损伤、肠道蠕动减弱和肠道黏膜屏障破坏。HTTLD能减少脑组织和胃肠道黏膜损伤，减轻神经功能缺损症状，提高胃肠道动力、改善肠道屏障功能、减少肠道细菌代谢产物和毒物的释放，从而发挥对脑缺血再灌注后“脑-肠”轴损伤的保护作用。