Corticosteroid therapy in biliary atresia

Sixteen patients with biliary atresia had 44 steroid courses for treatment of cholangitis or diminution of bile flow following Kasai hepatic portoenterostomy operations. A "blast" type (high dose/short duration) steroid administration was employed to potentiate the choleretic and anti-inflammatory effect. There was a significant augmentation of bile flow and a reduction in maximum temperature, serum bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase.     

Drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis: characterization of different pathomechanisms

The pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis in rats was studied using isolated perfused livers as an experimental model. Three basic mechanisms were differentiated: 1. Permeabilization of the bilio-sinusoidal barrier associated with electron microscopic alterations of the tight junctional complexes was found in livers of rats treated with -naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT, 250 mg/kg body weight). Consequences of these alterations were: reflux of bile constituents such as taurocholate and sulfobromophthalein and increased access to the biliary space of paracellular markers such as inulin and sucrose. The clear-cut mechanism of ANIT cholestasis was used to distinguish other mechanisms of intrahepatic cholestasis. 2. Inhibition of the basic process of fluid secretion was found to be the primary event in the development of cholestasis induced by estrogens. After 5 days of treating rats with ethinyl estradiol (5 mg/kg/day), bile flow was diminished in isolated livers while the permeability of the biliary tract to sucrose and inulin was not affected. Accordingly, the maximal concentration of taurocholate in bile was increased, indicating that its secretion was sustained. The same effect was observed after 1 week of treatment with the depot estrogen estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg/week). After 3 weeks of treatment, however, the taurocholate concentration in bile was lowered and the clearance of sucrose was increased. Bile flow remained at the same cholestatic level for 20 weeks. These results suggest that estrogens have the potency to increase tight junctional permeability only in a second step in the development of cholestasis, following the inhibition of bile flow. 3. An additional mode of secretory inhibition was induced by lowering the concentration of Ca²⁺ in the perfusate of isolated liver. Using ANIT-pretreated livers, i. e., livers with very low capacity to secrete foreign dyes, a high rate of efflux of sulfobromophthalein into the perfusate of preloaded livers suggests stimulation of the efflux of cholephilic solutes across the sinusoidal membrane of liver cells.The results demonstrate that the term intrahepatic cholestasis comprises a number of different sites of interference with the complex process of bile secretion.Dedicated to Professor Dr. med. Herbert Remmer on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

胆道感染患者病原学特征及危险因素分析

目的 分析胆道感染患者病原学特征并探讨其发病危险因素,为相关防治工作提供参考。方法 选取锦州市中心医院2019年11月至2020年10月诊治的792例胆道疾病患者作为研究对象,将所有胆道感染患者的胆汁标本进行细菌培养、菌株鉴定和药敏分析。观察不同性别、年龄、体质指数、基础疾病、胆道疾病类型、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影史、胆道手术史的患者胆道感染发生率,分析胆道感染的危险因素。结果 共纳入154例胆道感染患者,胆道感染发生率为19.4%（154/792）。共培养分离病原菌179株,以革兰阴性菌为主（69.8%）,其次为革兰阳性菌（22.3%）、真菌（7.9%）。革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌（26.3%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（19.0%）所占比例较高,革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌（8.9%）、表皮葡萄球菌（6.1%）所占比例较高。主要革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林（83.0%）、环丙沙星（70.2%）耐药率高,对亚胺培南（0.0%）敏感;肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林（79.4%）、头孢他啶（67.6%）耐药率高,对亚胺培南（0.0%）敏感。主要革兰阳性菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素（75.0%）、红霉素（62.5%）耐药率高,对万古霉素（0.0%）敏感;表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素（81.8%）、氨苄西林（63.6%）耐药率高,对万古霉素（0.0%）、替考拉宁（0.0%）敏感。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄越大（OR=2.214）、恶性胆道疾病（OR=2.373）、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影史（OR=3.979）、胆道手术史（OR=2.912）为胆道感染的危险因素。结论 胆道感染患者具有一定的病原学特点,感染以革兰阴性菌为主,可根据药敏试验结果选择有效治疗药物。胆道感染有患者年龄大、恶性胆道疾病、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影史、胆道手术史多种危险因素,应当采取针对性干预措施,降低感染发生率。     

皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术治疗肝胆管结石 和胆管狭窄的临床研究

目的：总结皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术的临床效果。方法：统计了1994年以来我院76例行STHG手术患者的适应症、临床效果及术后早期并发症。并选择同期实施的125 列行传统胆肠吻合（CJ）的患者进行对照。结果：STHG的手术适应症与传统胆肠吻合基本相同;STHG组患者的手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量明显少于CJ组,术后恢复良好,仅2例次并发症。结论;该术式既保存了胆囊及Oddi括约肌功能,又保证了胆汁的生理流向;防止了肠液的反,所以避免了消化功能紊乱,防止了反 流性胆管炎,对患者的影响小,是一种较为理想的治疗肝胆管结石和肝门胆管狭窄的术式。     

皮下通道型胆囊肝总管吻合术治疗区域性肝胆管结石27例报告

目的：为了解决传统胆肠内引流术在治疗区域性肝胆管结石中的诸多不足。方法：设计并应用了 一种新技术式以皮下通道型胆囊肝总管吻合术替代胆肠内引流术。在切除肝脏区域性结石病灶后, 切开肝总管约1．5cm,将胆囊壶腹部切开相应大小的切口与之吻合,并适当游离胆囊,使其底部可被固定于切口皮下,建立皮下胆囊与肝内外胆管间的吻合通道。结果：已完成该术式的27例患者,手术顺利,术后恢复良好,未发现并发症。1例患者于术后1年零9个月,肝内再次发现结石且伴胆道感染症状,急诊局麻下切开皮下胆囊通道行胆道镜取石,效果满意。结论：该术式简单、方便、易行,既能保存胆囊、胆管、Oddi括约肌及胃肠道的正常生理功能, 又为术后结石复发或残留提供了一治疗新途径,且避免了传统肠吻合术的不足,因而不治疗区域性肝胆管结石的较理想的方法。     

肝切除术治疗区域性肝内胆管结石

目的 探讨肝内区域性胆管结石肝切除术的适应症、方法、效果。方法 对本科2年来14例肝内区域性胆管结石实行肝叶切除术进行系统回顾。结果 肝内胆管结石伴有肝内胆管狭窄、胆管慢性炎症、肝实质受损表现;肝叶切除后,结石清除率达100％,手术后症状很快缓解,围手术期渡过平稳,近期随访无复发。结论 对肝内区域性结石患者采用肝叶或肝段切除是一种有效、安全、彻底的治疗方法;对伴有肝内部分胆管狭窄梗阻的,有胆管炎症状的,有肝组织受损的患者应尽早实施。     

纤维胆管镜治疗术后残余结石320例分析

（1）目的 总结320例胆管术后,经T管窦道纤维胆管镜治疗残余结石的经验。（2）方法 对320例胆管术后残余结石病人行纤维胆管镜取石,分析其临床表现并予以随访。（3）结果 结石取净287例,失败33例,（4）结论 纤维胆管镜对于术后胆管残余结石的治疗起着重要作用。     

输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石治疗泌尿系结石（附301例报告）

目的：输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石术治疗泌尿系结石的临床疗效。方法：1997年5月－2001年4月期间对276例输尿管结石,25例尿道结石采用输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石治疗。结果：输尿管结石碎石成功率97．1％（268／276）,并发症发生率1．45％（4／276）,主要为输尿管穿孔,尿道结石成功率100％,结论：输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石,尿道结石临床疗效确切,尤其适用于泌尿系结石的急诊处理。     

肾盂肾下盏夹角对结石清除率的影响

目的：观察肾盂肾下盏夹角及结石大小对结石排净率的影响。方法：选择68例肾下盏结石患者,通过IVU影像,测量夹角与结石直径,并经ESWL治疗,随访2月,观察结石排空情况。结果：68例患者,结石完全排出42例,总的排石排空率为61．7％。结论：提示肾盂肾下盏夹角,结石直径对结石排净率有重要影响。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石86例

目的：观察输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效。方法：自1998年5月至1999年4月采用输尿管尿镜下气压弹道碎石治疗86例输尿管结石,一次碎石成功73例,2例再次碎石成功,0达满意疗效,5例改行ESWL术,6例改行开放手术。结论：输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石是治疗输尿管结石的有效手段,具有疗效好,治疗快速、病人痛苦小、费用低、可以门诊治疗等优点。