New classification of the distal attachment of the fibularis brevis — Anatomical variations and potential clinical implications

BackgroundAlthough the lateral compartment of the leg is characterized by a high degree of morphological variation, very little information exists on the morphological variability of the fibularis brevis muscle (FBM) and fibularis digiti quinti (FDQ). The main aim of the study was to characterize the morphology of the FBM tendon and its accessory bands, to classify them and to determine the incidence of FDQ. The work attempts to determine the relationship between the types of the insertion of the FBM tendon and the occurrence of FDQ.MethodsClassical anatomical dissection was performed on 102 lower limbs fixed in 10% formalin solution. The morphology of the insertion of the FBM and of the FDQ was evaluated.ResultsThe FBM was present in all specimens. Two types of insertion were observed, the most common being Type I (70.6%): a single distal attachment in which the tendon inserts into the tuberosity at the base of the fifth metatarsal bone. The second most common was Type II (29.4%); this group was divided into three subtypes (A–C). The FDQ was present in 17.7% of specimens and always with Type I FBM.ConclusionBoth the FBM tendon and FDQ present significant morphological variation. Two main types of the FBM tendon determine the presence of the FDQ.Level of evidenceII Basic Science Research.     

Posterolateral plate fixation with Pantalarlock® is more stable than nail fixation in tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis in a biomechanical cadaver study

BackgroundDespite the promising results of ankle joint arthroplasty, the tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis remains an established procedure in treatment of combined pathology of the ankle and subtalar joint. Despite the promising results in biomechanical investigations, nonunion rates of up to 24% are described in recent studies. The objective of this work was a comparative study of the biomechanical properties of the posterolateral plate fixation with retrograde intramedullary nail fixation.MethodsTwenty four fresh-frozen human lower leg specimens (12 pairs) were used for the comparative biomechanical testing. Every specimen was preconditioned with 100 N over 200 cycles. After every 250 cycles the force was increased by 50 N from 200 to 600 N. This was followed by cyclic loading in dorsi-/plantiflexion with 800 N for 3000 cycles. All specimens were subjected to bone densitometry (DXA) and computed tomography.ResultsSignificantly higher number of spacimens with nails (4) failed during the cycling testing in dorsi-/plantarflexion and futher two during the cyclic testing with 800 N. Two specimens with plates failed during the cyclic testing with 800 N. Statistical analysis showed that the specimens with the plate were significantly more stable in each test direction. The Pearson correlation demonstrated for the specimens with plate a linear relationship between the stiffness and the determined bone density.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate a significantly superior stiffness of the Pantalarlock®-plate in all testing directions compared with the HAN nail. Probably the position of the plate on the tension side of the joint and the combination of locking and lag screws provide the higher stiffness of the plate system. The correlation of the stiffness with bone density leads to more predictable results of the plate arthrodesis. We hope for a reduction of the pseudarthrosis rate and shorten the postoperative treatment phase. The authors expect advantages in the treatment of high risk patients with severe deformity of the ankle, bone defects, neuropathic deformity, poor bone quality and osteoporosis.     

选择性COX-2抑制剂和非选择性COX-1和COX-2抑制剂在预防全髋关节置换术后异位骨化的Meta分析

目的：比较选择性环加氧酶一2（COX一2）抑制剂和传统的非选择性NSAIDs药用于预防全髋关节置换（THA）术后异位骨化（H0）临床疗效。方法：通过计算机检索MEDuNE、EMBASE、CENTRAL、科学引文索引等数据库,收集选择性COX一2抑制剂和非选择性COX-1和COX-2抑制剂用于预防全髋关节置换术后异位骨化的随机临床试验。按照Cochrane协作网的标准对纳入的文献进行质量评估并提取有效数据,应用统计软件Statal0．0版本进行数据分析。比较两组在不同Brooker分期的异位骨化发生率。结果：共纳入4个符合条件的随机对照试验,808例患者。Meta分析结果表明,两组间异位骨化总发病率比较差异无统计学意义（RR=1．08,95％CI：0．71～1．64,=O．73）,重度异位骨化发病率（BrookerU,Ⅲ）（RR=0．83,95％CI：0．48～1．42,P=0．49）和任意Brooker分型的HO,两组之间比较差异无统计学意义。在整个研究中,16例接受非选择性COX抑制剂的患者（4．4％）因胃肠道反应终止治疗;而选择性COX-2抑制剂组中10例患者（2．7％）因胃肠道反应终止治疗。结论：选择性COX-2抑制剂与非选择性NSAIDs药用于预防全髋关节置换术后异位骨化同样有效。考虑到非选择性NSAIDs药的胃肠道不良反应,建议选择性COX-2抑制剂的预防全髋关节置换术后异位骨化。     

Mechanical and hypoxia stress can cause chondrocytes apoptosis through over-activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress

ObjectiveTo examine the role of mechanical force and hypoxia on chondrocytes apoptosis and osteoarthritis (OA)-liked pathological change on mandibular cartilage through over-activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS).MethodsWe used two in vitro models to examine the effect of mechanical force and hypoxia on chondrocytes apoptosis separately. The mandibular condylar chondrocytes were obtained from three-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats. Flexcell 5000T apparatus was used to produce mechanical forces (12%, 0.5 Hz, 24 h vs 20%, 0.5 Hz, 24 h) on chondrocytes. For hypoxia experiment, the concentration of O₂ was down regulated to 5% or 1%. Cell apoptosis rates were quantified by annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double staining and FACS analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were performed to evaluate the activation of ERS and cellular hypoxia. Then we used a mechanical stress loading rat model to verify the involvement of ERS in OA-liked mandibular cartilage pathological change. Histological changes in mandibular condylar cartilage were assessed via hematoxylin & eosin (HE) staining. Immunohistochemistry of GRP78, GRP94, HIF-1α, and HIF-2α were performed to evaluate activation of the ERS and existence of hypoxia. Apoptotic cells were detected by the TUNEL method.ResultsTunicamycin, 20% mechanical forces and hypoxia (1% O₂) all significantly increased chondrocytes apoptosis rates and expression of ERS markers (GRP78, GRP94 and Caspase 12). However, 12% mechanical forces can only increase the apoptotic sensitivity of chondrocytes. Mechanical stress resulted in OA-liked pathological change on rat mandibular condylar cartilage which included thinning cartilage and bone erosion. The number of apoptotic cells increased. ERS and hypoxia markers expressions were also enhanced. Salubrinal, an ERS inhibitor, can reverse these effects in vitro and in vivo through the down-regulation of ERS markers and hypoxia markers.ConclusionWe confirmed that mechanical stress and local hypoxia both contributed to the chondrocytes apoptosis. Mechanical stress can cause OA-like pathological change in rat mandibular condylar cartilage via ERS activation and hypoxia existed in the meantime. Both mechanical forces and hypoxia can induce ERS and cause chondrocytes apoptosis only if the stimulate was in higher level. Salubrinal can protect chondrocytes from apoptosis, and relieve OA-liked pathological change on mandibular condylar cartilage under mechanical stress stimulation.     

Continuous intraoperative electromyographic and transcranial motor evoked potential recordings in spinal stenosis surgery

Spinal stenosis refers to narrowing of the spinal canal with encroachment of the neural structures by adjacent bone and soft tissue. Surgical treatment usually offers greater pain relief and functional recovery than non-surgical treatment. Nevertheless, neurological complications from decompressive laminectomy have been reported to range between 1% and 33%. Therefore, the purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of transcranial motor evoked potentials (TcMEP) and continuous electromyography (EMG) to prevent irreversible pyramidal tract damage during decompressive laminectomy. We prospectively evaluated 25 patients (11 males and 14 females) who underwent decompressive laminectomy for lumbar spinal stenosis. TcMEP and EMG were monitored intraoperatively. Postoperatively all patients had regular follow-up examinations. Electrophysiological monitoring was not performed in two patients because of the use of incompatible anaesthetic regimens. In 17/25 patients there was an increase in TcMEP amplitudes of more than 50%, whereas in six patients the amplitudes only slightly increased or remained unchanged. The 17 patients with the increased TcMEP amplitudes had the greatest improvement 3 and 12 months postoperatively, based on neurological examination and the visual analog scale pain ratings (p < 0.001). Intraoperative monitoring may allow rapid identification of potential damage of the neural structures and avoidance through corrective action. TcMEP and continuous EMG monitoring is an effective method for monitoring neural function cord during surgical decompression of the lumbar spine and may additionally give prognostic information for the assessment of patient outcome.     

微创切取全长长屈肌腱重建陈旧性KuwadaⅣ型跟腱断裂

 目的 探讨微创切取全长长屈肌腱重建陈旧性Kuwada Ⅳ型跟腱断裂的临床效果。方法回顾性分析 2006 年7 月至2011 年6月,微创切取全长长屈肌腱重建35例陈旧性KuwadaⅣ型跟腱断裂患者资料,男21例,女14例;年龄为23～71岁,平均42.1岁;均为单侧损伤。MRI 示跟腱断裂间隙为6.0～9.2 cm。观察术后踝关节外形及功能恢复情况,并采用美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝与后足评分及Leppilahti跟腱修复评分评价疗效。结果 32例获得随访,随访时间为 18～72个月,平均33.2个月。除1例患者因术后10 d拆线致切口裂开重新缝合6周后获得延迟愈合外,其余患者切口均一期愈合。术后踝关节外形及功能恢复良好,AOFAS踝与后足评分从术前(51.92±7.08)分提高到术后(92.56±6.71)分;其中优27例,良3例,可2 例,优良率为93.8%(30/32)。Leppilahti跟腱修复评分从术前(72.56±7.43)分提高到术后(92.58±5.1)分。无一例发生腓肠神经及胫神经损伤、跖部痛性瘢痕、足底内外侧神经损伤。踝关节MRI示跟腱部信号均匀无撕裂和囊性变。结论 微创切取长屈肌腱转移重建陈旧性KuwadaⅣ跟腱断裂具有术后恢复快、肌腱固定强度高、并发症少的优点。     

全髋关节置换术治疗强直性脊柱炎髋关节强直的中期疗效随访

目的：对全髋关节置换治疗强直性脊柱炎髋关节强直的中期疗效进行回顾性研究。方法：自2000年1月至2008年12月,采用全陶界面全髋置换术治疗67例88髋强直性脊柱炎髋关节强直患者,共获得有效随访55例74髋,男30例,女25例;年龄19～58岁,平均32,6岁。其中应用全生物型假体6l髋,混合型假体13髋。进行最少5年以上随访,平均随访时间（75．2＋8．6）个月。对有效随访的患者进行临床和影像学检查评估疗效。结果：髋关节Harris评分由术前30．8±7．0提高至末次随访时85．2±5．5;髋关节总活动度（屈伸、内收、外展、内旋、外旋等6个方向总和）由术前（21．2±8．5）。提高至术后（142．0±10．2）°。以翻修为终点的5年假体生存率为95．9％。1例因外伤致陶瓷内衬破裂而翻修,1例因术后感染翻修,1例因股骨柄假体周围骨折而翻修。1例术后脱位,经保守治疗成功;3例术后关节异响,非手术治疗后消失。7例术后异位骨化,无临床症状未处理;2例术后大腿疼痛,保守治疗好转。其余病例无论骨水泥或非骨水泥假体,假体周围无骨溶解,股骨侧和髋臼侧假体均无松动和下沉。结论：全髋关节置换是治疗强直性脊柱炎强直髋的一种有效而可靠的方法,其中期随访结果满意。     

阿司匹林预防全髋或全膝置换术后深静脉血栓形成的循证医学进展

目的探讨阿司匹林预防全髋置换术（THA）或全膝置换术（TKA）后深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的循证医学研究证据。 方法检索英国国家医疗服务体系（National Health Service,NHS）数据库、研究转化临床实践（Turning Research into practice,TRIP）医学数据库、系统性评价Cochrane数据库、OVID、Web of science、MEDLINE以及EMBASE数据库2004年1月至2017年9月发表的关于阿司匹林预防THA或TKA术后DVT的随机对照研究（RCT）文章,评价临床疗效主要转归结果是任何形式的DVT,次要转归结果是伤口并发症（伤口延迟渗出、感染）。 结果共纳入14篇文章,其中5篇I级研究证据的文章,9篇Ⅲ级研究证据;证据级别高的1篇RCT文章研究结果显示：阿司匹林与低分子肝素相比,TKA术后DVT发生率差异无统计学意义;目前支持阿司匹林相较低分子肝素、华法林或者达比加群酯对THA或TKA术后DVT预防效果要差的证据尚不充分;与阿司匹林相比,利伐沙班可以使得TKA或THA术后的无症状DVT发生率下降,但是否能够预防有症状的DVT,目前证据尚且不足;与阿司匹林相比,THA或TKA术后使用达比加群酯和利伐沙班伤口并发症要更高。 结论目前临床研究证据表明,除了当前的利伐沙班及低分子肝素抗凝药物外,阿司匹林也许能成为THA或TKA术后DVT预防的另一选择。     

锁骨远端解剖型锁定钢板微创内固定治疗锁骨中外1/3骨折

目的:探讨锁骨远端解剖型锁定钢板闭合复位、微创内固定治疗锁骨中外1/3骨折的临床疗效。方法:自2016年2月至2017年3月,采用锁骨远端解剖锁定钢板闭合复位、微创内固定治疗锁骨中外1/3骨折患者32例,其中男24例,女8例;年龄22～68(42.3±12.7)岁;根据Robinson分型:2A2型6例,2B1型18例,2B2型8例。术前均无血管、神经损伤。受伤至手术时间0～6(3.1±1.4) d。对比手术前后双侧锁骨长度以评价骨折复位情况,并于术后6个月采用Constant评分评价患肩功能恢复情况。结果:30例患者获得随访,时间11～18(13.3±2.2)个月。术后无血管、神经损伤、内固定失效、骨折端延迟愈合、不愈合等并发症出现。创面均Ⅰ期愈合,骨折愈合时间8～12(10.2±1.1)周。锁骨短缩长度由术前的(11.2±3.6)%减少至术后2 d的(0.4±0.3)%。10例患者于术后8个月行内固定拆除,术后无再骨折发生。Constant评分由术前的23.53±5.21提高至术后6个月的94.30±5.60,其中优26例,良4例。患者对术后瘢痕美观程度及患肩功能均表示非常满意。结论:采用锁骨远端解剖型锁定钢板闭合复位、微创内固定治疗锁骨中外1/3骨折,可取得良好的手术疗效,具有创伤小、术后恢复快,瘢痕小、不影响美观等优势。     

Specific Decrease in B-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enhances Post-Chemotherapeutic CD8+ T Cell Responses

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