Hospitalización por tos ferina en España (1997-2011)

IntroductionPertussis incidence has increased in recent years in countries with high vaccination coverage. The aim of this study was to determine the health impact of pertussis in Spain in the period 1997-2011 in relation to hospitalizations, mortality, and associated costs.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed hospital discharges included in the Minimum Data Set (MDS) in Spain for the period 1997-2011, with a primary or secondary diagnosis related to pertussis. We calculated incidence rates of hospitalization for pertussis (per 100,000) per year, by age group and by Autonomous Region, along with the mortality and lethality rates.ResultsA total of 8,331 hospital discharges with a diagnosis of pertussis were recorded in Spain between 1997 and 2011. The overall incidence of pertussis hospitalizations was 1.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The large majority (92%) of hospitalizations occurred in children under one year of age, with an incidence of 115.2 hospitalizations per 100,000. There were 47 deaths, 37 (79%) in the group of children under 1 year and 6 (13%) in the group older than 65 years. The estimated cost of hospitalization for pertussis was 1,841 euros.ConclusionThe epidemiology of severe cases of pertussis, and its clinical and economic impact, confirms the need to modify the vaccination strategies for Spain to achieve more effective control in the most vulnerable groups.     

Cost-benefit analyses of supplementary measles immunisation in the highly immunized population of New Zealand

As endemic measles is eliminated from countries through increased immunisation, the economic benefits of enhanced immunisation programs may come into question. New Zealand has suffered from outbreaks after measles introductions from abroad and we use it as a model system to understand the benefits of catch up immunisation in highly immunised populations. We provide cost-benefit analyses for measles supplementary immunisation in New Zealand. We model outbreaks based on estimates of the basic reproduction number in the vaccinated population (R_v, the number of secondary infections in a partially immunised population), based on the number of immunologically-naïve people at district and national levels, considering both pre- and post-catch up vaccination scenarios. Our analyses suggest that measles R_v often includes or exceeds one (0.18–3.92) despite high levels of population immunity. We calculate the cost of the first 187 confirmed and probable measles cases in 2014 to be over NZ$1 million (∼US$864,200) due to earnings lost, case management and hospitalization costs. The benefit-cost ratio analyses suggest additional vaccination beyond routine childhood immunisation is economically efficient. Supplemental vaccination-related costs are required to exceed approximately US$66 to US$1877 per person, depending on different scenarios, before supplemental vaccination is economically inefficient. Thus, our analysis suggests additional immunisation beyond childhood programs to target naïve individuals is economically beneficial even when childhood immunisation rates are high.     

我国核电站运行对周围居民健康影响研究进展

近年来随着我国核电事业的发展,核电站的运行对其周围居民健康状况的影响越来越受到关注.该文对我国在运行的浙江泰山、广东大亚湾和江苏田湾核电站周围居民在核电站运行前后的健康状况(包括居民核电认知、核焦虑状况、居民期望寿命、死因分析、恶性肿瘤发病及死亡情况、儿童健康状况和新生儿出生缺陷等)进行综述.结果认为目前我国各核电站的正常运行没有对周围人群的健康带来不利影响,未发现异常的疾病流行及变动.同时提出在我国核电事业迅猛发展的形势下,建立健全健康监测网络,获得核电站从选址至退役多个时期周围人群健康水平基础性国情资料,是做好核事故医学应急准备的重要一环.     

中国双生子人群2型糖尿病分布特征

目的描述中国双生子登记系统(CNTR)双生子的2型糖尿病分布特征, 为揭示遗传和环境因素对2型糖尿病的影响提供线索和依据。方法 CNTR 2010-2018年项目登记的所有双生子中, 纳入≥30岁且有完整登记信息的18 855对双生子作为研究对象。采用随机效应模型描述2型糖尿病的人群、地区分布特征以及对内一致性的分布。结果研究对象年龄(42.8±10.2)岁, 同卵双生子(MZ)10 339对, 异卵双生子(DZ)8 516对。全人群中2型糖尿病报告患病率为2.2%, MZ和DZ报告患病率差异无统计学意义。双生子对内分析发现2型糖尿病MZ同病率为38.2%, DZ为16.0%, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.001), 在不同性别、年龄和地区中MZ同病率均大于DZ(P<0.05)。进一步分层分析, 在北方, 仅在<60岁人群中发现MZ同病率大于DZ(P<0.05);而南方, ≥60岁男性MZ同病率也大于DZ(P<0.05)。结论本研究的双生子人群2型糖尿病报告患病率低于一般人群, 在不同性别、年龄和地区中均提示遗传因素在2型糖尿病中起作用, 但其作用大小可能不...     

空气污染物与绿化环境暴露水平对心肌梗塞死亡交互作用的病例交叉研究

目的 探索空气污染物与绿化暴露水平对心梗死亡的发生所产生的交互作用。方法 主要收集天津市2017—2019年因心梗死亡的个案病例,估计每名病例环境因素的暴露水平,采用条件logistic回归模型,分析空气污染物与绿化暴露水平对心梗死亡的发生所产生的交互作用。结果 在不同的季节,空气污染物浓度、气象因素和绿化环境暴露水平存在着差异（P＜0.001）。在单污染物模型中,每升高10 μg/m3的NO2（lag2期）,可使心梗死亡发生的风险升高0.4%（OR = 1.004,95%CI:1.000～1.008）。在多污染物模型中,每升高10 μg/m3的NO2（lag2期）、PM2.5（lag2期）和PM10（lag6期）,可使心梗死亡发生的风险升高1.1%（OR = 1.011,95%CI:1.005～1.018）、0.4%（OR = 1.004,95%CI:1～1.008）和0.3%（OR = 1.003,95%CI: 1.000～1.006）。对于滞后期lag1、lag2、lag6和lag7的暴露水平来说,颗粒污染物［可入肺颗粒物（PM1）、PM2.5 和PM10］与绿化环境暴露水平对心梗死亡的发生具有拮抗作用。结论 绿化环境可以起到降低颗粒污染物升高心梗死亡风险的作用,为指导人们有效的防护空气污染的危害,减轻颗粒污染物对心梗以及其他心血管疾病的发生和死亡提供依据。     

中国成年双生子人群的冠心病遗传度估计

目的 分析中国成年双生子人群的冠心病遗传度。方法 利用中国双生子登记系统在11省、市募集的20 477对≥ 25岁同性别双生子,构建结构方程模型计算遗传度。结果 调整年龄、性别后,冠心病的遗传度为0.75（0.68~0.81）。亚组分析显示≥ 40岁组和女性人群中,冠心病患病主要受遗传因素的影响;而25~39岁组和男性的患病主要受环境因素的影响。结论 冠心病患病受遗传和环境因素的影响,且遗传度较高。     

Measles and rubella IgG seroprevalence in persons 6 month-35 years of age,Mongolia, 2016

BackgroundIn 2015–2016, Mongolia experienced an unexpected large measles outbreak affecting mostly young children and adults. After two nationwide vaccination campaigns, measles transmission declined. To determine if there were any remaining immunity gaps to measles or rubella in the population, a nationally representative serosurvey for measles and rubella antibodies was conducted after the outbreak was over.MethodsA nationwide, cross-sectional, stratified, three-stage cluster serosurvey was conducted in November-December 2016. A priori, four regional strata (Ulaanbaatar, Western, Central, and Gobi-Eastern) and five age strata (6 months-23 months, 2–7 years, 8–17 years, 18–30 years, and 31–35 years) were created. Households were visited, members interviewed, and blood specimens were collected from age-appropriate members. Blood specimens were tested for measles immunoglobulin G (IgG) and rubella IgG (Enzygnost® Anti-measles Virus/IgG and Anti-rubella Virus/IgG, Siemens, Healthcare Diagnostics Products, GmbH Marburg, Germany). Factors associated with seropositivity were evaluated.ResultsAmong 4598 persons aged 6 months to 35 years participating in the serosurvey, 94% were measles IgG positive and 95% were rubella IgG positive. Measles IgG seropositivity was associated with increasing age and higher education. Rubella IgG seropositivity was associated with increasing age, higher education, smaller household size, receipt of MMR in routine immunization, residence outside the Western Region, non-Muslim religious affiliation, and non-Kazakh ethnicity. Muslim Kazakhs living in Western Region had the lowest rubella seroprevalence of all survey participants.ConclusionsNationally, high immunity to both measles and rubella has been achieved among persons 1–35 years of age, which should be sufficient to eliminate both measles and rubella if future birth cohorts have ≥ 95% two dose vaccination coverage. Catch-up vaccination is needed to close immunity gaps found among some subpopulations, particularly Muslim Kazakhs living in Western Region.     

Brand-specific rates of pertussis disease among Wisconsin children given 1–4 doses of pertussis Vaccine, 2010–2014

BackgroundAcellular pertussis vaccines were initially licensed based on placebo-controlled efficacy trials, but such trials are no longer ethical. The effectiveness of current pertussis vaccines among properly vaccinated children <5 years is so high that a randomized trial is infeasible. Fluctuations in pertussis incidence and characteristics of the US vaccine marketplace make selection of suitable controls for a case-control study problematic. To satisfy an FDA requirement to evaluate rates of pertussis following licensure of Pentacel® vaccine, we used a case-cohort study design with a novel method for characterizing the cohort population.MethodsThis prospective, observational study was conducted in Wisconsin from 2010 to 2014 among Wisconsin residents <60 months of age who received ≤four doses of pertussis vaccine (surveillance population). Cases were identified by the Wisconsin Division of Public Health. Characteristics and pertussis vaccinations of the surveillance population were estimated by ongoing random telephonic survey. The primary objective was to determine rates of pertussis disease among those who received only Pentacel vaccine (Group 1) vs those who received a single brand of vaccine other than Pentacel vaccine (Group 2).Results1195 pertussis cases were identified. It was estimated that the surveillance population accrued a total of 1,133,403 person-years (Group 1, 39%; Group 2, 41%; Group 3 [those not in Group 1 or Group 2], 20%). Pertussis rates were similar in Group 1 (98.9/100,000) and Group 2 (96.2/100,000); rate ratios were 1.03 (unadjusted; 90% CI, 0.92–1.15) and 0.99 (adjusted; 90% CI, 0.89–1.12). Persons with one or more delayed vaccinations had a 66% higher risk of pertussis (90% CI, 39–96%).DiscussionPertussis protection was not found to differ for recipients of the newly licensed vs other available pertussis vaccines. Delayed vaccination substantially increased risk of pertussis. Sample survey methodology was able to characterize the study cohort and enable an otherwise-infeasible study.Clinical Trial Registry number: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01129362.     

液氨储罐泄漏污染的定量预测

目的：预测液氨贮罐泄漏后，氨气急性中毒事故危害后果，为企业事故预案的制订提供理论依据。方法：设定液氨的贮存量及其罐内压力、温度，根据物理化学的基本原理，计算液氨蒸发量，再选用适当的扩散模型计算氨气云团大小、伤亡百分率、毒气纵深范围等。结果：通过对贮存液氨50t、罐内压力2．5MPa、温度30℃的贮罐破裂后，液氨蒸发量及氨气云团扩散后果定量计算，得出氨气释放云团重度、中度和轻度危害半径分别为108、216、370m；接触时间为30min时，重伤区的人员死亡百分率为50％，5min时为10％，2min时为2．5％，其蒸气云团在C稳定度，风速为2．3m/s的情况下，外围浓度达到4000mg/m^3时，其x轴最远距离为782m,y轴最远距离为88m。结论：液氨泄漏后果非常严重，在液氨的生产、储存、运输和使用过程中，应采取必要的预防措施。