The calcium-sensing receptor affects fat accumulation via effects on antilipolytic pathways in adipose tissue of rats fed low-calcium diets

Low-calcium intake is associated with increased risk of obesity, but the mechanism underlying this is not clear. We previously reported that the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays an important role in modulating the expression of rate-limiting lipolysis enzymes in human adipocytes. In the present study, rats were fed diets containing normal [0.50% (NC)], low [0.30% (LC)], or very low [0.15% (VLC)] calcium for 15 wk. Ten rats of each group were killed at wk 5, 10, and 15 of the intervention. The LC-fed rats had greater visceral fat mass, lower serum FFA and glycerol concentrations, and greater CaSR expression in white adipose tissue than did those fed the NC diet at wk 10 and 15. Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose TG lipase (ATGL) protein levels were lower, whereas fatty acid synthase mRNA in white adipose tissue was greater in the LC-fed rats compared with the NC-fed rats. These differences from the NC group were greater in the VLC group than in the LC group at wk 15. In vitro experiments showed that 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol stimulated the expression of CaSR through the nuclear vitamin D receptor (nVDR). This resulted in an antilipolytic effect by increasing intracellular calcium, decreasing the intracellular cAMP level, and downregulating HSL and ATGL protein expression in adipocytes. These effects were suppressed by either nVDR or CaSR small-interfering RNA. These results suggest that CaSR affects fat accumulation by mediating antilipolytic pathways in adipose tissue of rats fed low-calcium diets.     

Alcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk—A pooled analysis within the StoP project consortium

An association between heavy alcohol drinking and gastric cancer risk has been recently reported, but the issue is still open to discussion and quantification. We investigated the role of alcohol drinking on gastric cancer risk in the “Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project,” a consortium of epidemiological studies. A total of 9,669 cases and 25,336 controls from 20 studies from Europe, Asia and North America were included. We estimated summary odds‐ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by pooling study‐specific ORs using random‐effects meta‐regression models. Compared with abstainers, drinkers of up to 4 drinks/day of alcohol had no increase in gastric cancer risk, while the ORs were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.08–1.48) for heavy (>4 to 6 drinks/day) and 1.48 (95% CI 1.29–1.70) for very heavy (>6 drinks/day) drinkers. The risk for drinkers of >4 drinks/day was higher in never smokers (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.35–2.58) as compared with current smokers (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.93–1.40). Somewhat stronger associations emerged with heavy drinking in cardia (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.11–2.34) than in non‐cardia (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.13–1.45) gastric cancers, and in intestinal‐type (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.20–1.97) than in diffuse‐type (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.05–1.58) cancers. The association was similar in strata of H. pylori infected (OR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.16–2.00) and noninfected subjects (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 0.95–3.01). Our collaborative pooled‐analysis provides definite, more precise quantitative evidence than previously available of an association between heavy alcohol drinking and gastric cancer risk.     

哈尔滨市售蔬菜中阿维菌素和吡虫啉农药残留检测

目的了解哈尔滨市售蔬菜中阿维菌素和吡虫啉农药的残留现状。方法于2007-05／10,从哈尔滨市10个主要农贸市场和5个超市采集的大辣椒、小辣椒、黄瓜、西红柿、豆角、菠菜、油菜、大头菜、花菜和白菜菜样各15件,采用高效液相色谱法检测其农药残留情况。结果阿维菌素农药的检出率41．33％,超标率38．00％;吡虫啉农药的检出率为20．67％,均未超出吡虫啉的最高残留限量标准。10种蔬菜样品中白菜、油菜、大头菜和菠菜的阿维菌素农药检出率较高,在40％～53．33％之间,白菜的超标率最高,为53．33％;菠菜、大头菜和西红柿吡虫啉农药的检出率较高,在26．67％～33．33％之间。结论调查的蔬菜中普遍存在阿维菌素、吡虫啉农药残留,需要引起有关方面的关注。     

姜黄素致SW872脂肪细胞凋亡作用

目的探讨姜黄素对SW872脂肪细胞凋亡的影响及其凋亡机制。方法 MTT法检测不同剂量姜黄素对SW872前脂肪细胞和成熟脂肪细胞生长抑制的影响;4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)染色观察姜黄素作用后成熟脂肪细胞内细胞核变化。蛋白印迹法检测聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(PARP)裂解产物和Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax)表达量。结果姜黄素对SW872前脂肪细胞及成熟脂肪细胞生长有抑制作用,并呈剂量-时间效应关系,不同剂量姜黄素作用成熟脂肪细胞72 h,与对照组比较,抑制率分别为2.97%、3.48%、19.76%、85.03%和94.48%;DAPI染色镜下观察成熟脂肪细胞出现明显核皱缩、变形现象;随姜黄素剂量增加,PARP裂解产物Bax蛋白表达量呈上升趋势(P<0.01)。结论姜黄素促进SW872脂肪细胞凋亡,凋亡机制与线粒体密切相关。     

饮食诱导肥胖与肥胖抵抗大鼠血清差异蛋白筛选

目的:探讨高脂饲料诱导的肥胖(diet-inducedobesity,DIO)与肥胖抵抗(diet-inducedobesityresistance,DIO-R)大鼠不同易感性的差异及血清中蛋白表达。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为基础组和高脂饲料组,分别给予基础饲料和高脂饲料5w后,参照Levin等的方法建立动物模型,按照体重增加量排序,位于体重上1/3的大鼠筛选为肥胖大鼠,位于体重下1/3的大鼠筛选为肥胖抵抗大鼠。处死动物,收集血清样品检测各组相关指标的差异,并应用SELDI蛋白质芯片技术检测DIO与DIO-R大鼠血清蛋白的差异表达。结果:DIO大鼠体重﹑体脂比﹑血糖﹑血脂均与DIO-R大鼠有显著性差异。由蛋白质芯片检测图可见,在分子量2～100ku范围内,分子量为7945和9513的蛋白峰在DIO大鼠和DIO-R大鼠血清中存在差异;分子量为6256、6267、4496的蛋白峰在DIO-R大鼠和基础组大鼠血清中存在差异。结论:SD大鼠对高脂饮食诱导的DIO和DIO-R存在易感性差异,应用SELDI蛋白质芯片技术筛选出了DIO大鼠与DIO-R大鼠血清差异蛋白,为以后进行蛋白质分离﹑纯化及鉴定提供依据。     

Isoflavone Regulates Lipid Metabolism via Expression of Related Genes in OVX Rats Fed on a High-fat Diet

Objective To investigate the effects of isoflavone on body weight, fat mass, and gene expression in relation to lipid metabolism. Methods Thirty-six female SD rats were ovariectomized or sham-operated and fed on a high-fat diet. Two months later, abdominal incision was made, blood was collected to separate serum, and the liver and adipose tissue were immediately collected and weighed. Some portions of these tissues were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80℃. Results Ovariectomy （OVX） with a high-fat diet could induce obesity in rats, while treatment with isoflavone significantly inhibited the increase in body weight and fat mass in abdomen. Serum total cholesterol and leptin were significantly decreased in isoflavone group, compared with the OVX group. The mRNA expression of liver fatty acid synthase （FAS） in the OVX group was significantly higher than that in sham-operated group, while this difference was not observed in the isoflavone group. The mRNA expression of liver hormone-sensitive lipase （HSL） in the OVX rats tended to be lower than that in the sham-operated rats. Furthermore, a large amount of isoflavone maintained the mRNA expression at a sham level. Conclusion Isoflavone may prevent obesity induced by ovariectomy with a high-fat diet, in part by modulating gene expression related to lipid metabolism.     

Routine immunization services costs and financing in China, 2015

ObjectiveTo estimate the costs of routine immunization (RI) services in China in 2015, to provide objective data relevant to investment in the Expanded Program on Immunization, and to contribute to global data on costing and financing of RI.MethodsThe study was conducted between January and March 2016. We selected 276 villages, 138 townships, 46 counties, and 40 prefectures from 15 provinces as investigation sites at random, stratified by eastern, middle, and western regions. Direct cost items included vaccines, personnel, cold chain, surveillance, communication, training, and supervision at the national, provincial, prefecture, county, township, and village levels. We obtained financial data from governmental and external sources. Indirect costs of RI included parents’ transportation costs and productivity lost due to taking their children for vaccination.ResultsTotal direct costs were $92.42 for each child fully immunized ($4.20/dose), which equates to $1529.55 million per birth cohort. RI costs were higher in the eastern region than in the western region, and higher than that of the central region. Vaccination coverage was positively associated with direct routine immunization costs. The cost of the recommended vaccines was $19.08/child and vaccine only accounted for 20.64% of total costs. Operational cost, including surveillance, communication, training and supervision, was $217.31/child, accounting for 14.21% of total cost. The indirect cost per child was $72.86; the total indirect cost was $1205.83 million for the birth cohort. Government investment in RI accounted for about 70% of total costs. Revenue from sales of private-sector vaccine supported the remaining 30% of RI costs.ConclusionsWhile government financing has increased, some operating costs continue to be provided from revenue generated by sales of Category 2 (private-sector) vaccines to families. China could benefit from bringing new and underutilized vaccines into the EPI system based on evidence that includes routine immunization vaccine and operations costs.     

Effect of sulforaphane on cell growth, G(0)/G(1) phase cell progression and apoptosis in human bladder cancer T24 cells

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) from cruciferous vegetables have been shown to be effective in blocking initiation as well as progression of a range of chemically-induced tumors in animal models. In this study, sulforaphane, the most extensively studied ITC, was found to suppress the growth of T24 bladder cancer cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Sulforaphane inhibited the proliferation of T24 cells with IC(5)0 values 26.9 and 15.9 microM following 24 and 48 h treatments. Sulforaphane (5-20 microM) induced early apoptosis and blocked cell cycle progression at G(0)/G(1) phase which was associated with upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 expression. These results support a role for sulforaphane as an effective agent in the chemoprevention of bladder cancer.     

UPLC/Q-TOF MS/MS技术评价防腐剂硼酸和叠氮化钠对尿液代谢物的影响

目的：在基于超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间串联质谱（UPLC/Q-TOF MS/MS）的尿液代谢组学研究中,确定硼酸和叠氮化钠两种防腐剂是否适用于尿液样品的处理,并确定其适宜的浓度范围。方法：收集6名健康志愿者的晨尿,等量混匀后分装,根据处理方式不同,分为对照组、叠氮化钠组和硼酸组。对照组样品不添加任何防腐剂,叠氮化钠组在尿液中分别添加终浓度为0.1、1和10 mmol/L的叠氮化钠,硼酸组在尿液中分别添加终浓度为2、20和200 mmol/L的硼酸。应用UPLC/Q-TOF MS/MS技术对样品进行检测,采用主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析等化学计量学方法进行数据处理,比较不同处理组间的代谢图谱。结果：偏最小二乘判别分析得分图显示,3个浓度的叠氮化钠处理组以及2 mmol/L硼酸处理组与对照组间无明显分离趋势;200 mmol/L硼酸处理组与对照组分离趋势明显,两组尿液代谢物存在差异。结论：0.1~10 mmol/L叠氮化钠和2 mmol/L硼酸适用于基于UPLC/Q-TOF MS/MS技术的尿液代谢组学研究。     

Inhibitory effects of c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid on invasion of human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901

AIM: To investigate the effect of c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9, t11-CLA) on the invasion of human gastric carcinoma cell line and its possible mechanism of preventing metastasis.METHODS: Using reconstituted basement membrane invasion, chemotaxis, adhesion, PAGE substrate zymography and RT-PCR assays, we analyzed the abilities of invasion,direct migration, adhesion of intracellular matrix, as well as the activity of type IV collagenase and expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA in SGC-7901 cells which were treated with gradually increased concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200 μmol/L) of c9, t11-CLA for 24 h.RESULTS: At the concentrations of 200 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L and 50 μmol/L, cg, t11-CLA suppressed the invasion of SGC7901 cells into the reconstituted basement membrane by 53.7%, 40.9% and 29.3%, respectively, in comparison with the negative control. Only in the 200 μmol/L c9,t11CLA group, the chemotaxis of SGC-7901 cells was inhibited by 16.0% in comparision with the negative control. cg, t11CLA also could inhibit the adhesion of SGC-7901 cells to laminin, fibronectin and Matrigel, increase the expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA, and reduce type IV collagenase activities in the serum-free medium supernatant of SGC7901 cells.CONCLUSION: c9, t11-CLA can inhibit the invasion of SGC7901 cells at multiple procedures in tumor metastasis cascade, which may be associated with the induction of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA expression.