英文科技期刊促进公共卫生学术交流与传播的策略——以《生物安全与健康(英文)》的办刊实践为例

【目的】 探讨建设促进公共卫生学术交流与传播的国际化英文科技期刊的有效途径,为我国科技期刊,特别是新创办的英文科技期刊提供借鉴和参考。【方法】 结合《生物安全与健康(英文)》(Biosafety and Health,B&H)的办刊实践,归纳新创办的英文科技期刊的办刊背景、提升国际影响力的举措及获得的成效。【结果】 B&H创刊3 年以来,先后被国内外重要数据库,如DOAJ、RCCSE、CSCD、Scopus、CSTPCD等收录,期刊的国际影响力正在快速提升,期刊的开放获取政策、出版质量和规范性达到国际评估机构的认可标准。【结论】 B&H可填补我国生物安全学科领域期刊的空白,通过坚持国际化办刊之路、吸引优质稿源、积极策划专刊出版、多渠道宣传推广等特色举措,使期刊国际影响力得到快速提升,从而助力公共卫生领域的学术交流与传播。     

1982年与2012年中国6~17岁儿童膳食能量摄入及营养素来源比较

  目的  了解1982年与2012年中国6~17岁儿童膳食能量摄入和能量的营养素来源及变化特征。  方法  分析1982年全国营养调查和2010—2013年中国居民营养与健康状况监测(简称“2012年营养调查”)中参加膳食调查的6~17岁儿童的膳食摄入情况。1982年的膳食信息连续5 d采用家庭食物称重记账法收集,2012年的膳食信息连续3 d采用24 h膳食回顾与3 d家庭油、盐、调味品称重相结合方法收集。  结果  从1982年到2012年,中国6~17岁儿童膳食能量日平均摄入量由(2 216.5±19.0)kcal/d下降至(1 766.4±30.6)kcal/d(t=45.05, P＜0.001);碳水化合物供能比由(73.7±0.4)%下降至(55.5±0.6)%(t=102.10, P＜0.001);蛋白质供能比由(10.8±0.1)%增加至(12.3±0.2)%(t=-33.40, P＜0.001);脂肪供能比由(15.2±0.3)%增加至(33.2±0.5)%(t=-105.22, P＜0.001)。脂肪供能比超过宏量营养素可接受范围上限(30%)的6~17岁儿童比例由1982年的6.1%增加至2012年的59.8%。  结论  2012年和1982年相比中国6~17岁儿童膳食能量摄入水平下降,三大宏量营养素供能比例发生变化,碳水化合物供能比减少,蛋白质和脂肪供能比增加。应充分利用政策支持,结合学校、家庭和社会多方面力量广泛开展营养宣传教育,引导6~17岁儿童合理饮食,调整城乡6~17岁儿童饮食结构。     

Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Anaemia and Associated Risk Factors among Infants Aged 0–23 Months in China: China Nutrition and Health Surveillance

Infantile anaemia has been a severe public health problem in China for decades. However, it is unclear whether there are regional differences in the prevalence of anaemia. In this study, we used data from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNHS) to assess the prevalence of anaemia and the risk factors associated with its prevalence in different regions. We included 9596 infants aged 0–23 months from the CNHS 2013 database. An infant was diagnosed with anaemia if he/she had a haemoglobin concentration of <110 g/L. We used multivariate logistic regression to investigate the potential risk factors associated with the development of anaemia. We found that anaemia was present in 2126 (22.15%) of the infants assessed. Approximately 95% of these cases were classified as mild anaemia. Based on the guidelines laid out by the World Health Organization, 5.5% and 43.6% of the surveillance sites were categorized as having severe and moderate epidemic levels of anaemia, respectively. The prevalence of infantile anaemia in Eastern, Central and Western China was 16.67%, 22.25% and 27.44%, respectively. Premature birth, low birth weight, breastfeeding and residence in Western China were significantly associated with higher odds of developing anaemia. Female sex and having mothers with high levels of education and maternal birth age >25 years were associated with lower odds of developing anaemia. In conclusion, we observed significant regional disparities in the prevalence of infantile anaemia in China. Western China had the highest prevalence of infantile anaemia, and rural regions showed a higher prevalence of anaemia than urban regions.     

Evaluation of Serum Zinc Status of Pregnant Women in the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (CACDNS) 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum zinc status of pregnant women in the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (CACDNS) in 2015–2016. Methods: A total of 7147 apparently healthy pregnant women were randomly selected in 302 national monitoring sites. Information on age, race, residence region, education, pregnancy, and family income per annum was collected, and the concentration of serum zinc was determined. The evaluation of serum zinc status was further performed according to the recommendations by the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG). Results: The median concentration of serum zinc was 858.9 μg/L with an interquartile range (IQR) of 712.9 μg/L and 1048.9 μg/L, while the overall prevalence of zinc deficiency was 3.5% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 3.0% and 3.9%. Serum zinc status of pregnant women changed greatly in the different categories, particular in pregnancy and family income per annum (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of zinc deficiency (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The lower prevalence of zinc deficiency generally indicated a better zinc status for pregnant women in the CACDNS in 2015–2016. However, a well-designed evaluation system of zinc status for pregnant women should be continually optimized and improved by inducing more parameters such as biochemical, dietary, or functional indicators.     

To What Extent Do Local Nursing Home Prescribing Patterns Relate to Psychotropic Prescribing in Assisted Living?

ObjectiveIn nursing homes (NHs), psychoactive medication use has received notable attention, but less is known about prescribing in assisted living (AL). This study examined how antipsychotic and antianxiety medication prescribing in AL compares with NHs.DesignObservational, cross-sectional AL data linked to publicly reported NH measures.Setting and ParticipantsRandom sample of 250 AL communities and the full sample of 3371 NHs in 7 states.MethodsWe calculated the percentage of residents receiving antipsychotics and antianxiety medications. For each AL community, we calculated the distance to NHs in the state. Linear models estimated the relationship between AL prescribing and that of the closest and farthest 5 NHs, adjusting for AL characteristics and state fixed effects.ResultsThe prescribing rate of potentially inappropriate antipsychotics (i.e., excluding for persons with recorded schizophrenia and Tourette syndrome) and of antianxiety medications (excluding for those on hospice) in AL was 15% and 21%, respectively. Unadjusted mean antipsychotic prescribing rates were nominally higher in AL than NHs (14.8% vs 14.6%; P = .056), whereas mean antianxiety prescribing was nominally lower in AL (21.2% vs 22.6%; P = .032). In adjusted analyses, AL rates of antipsychotic use were not associated with NH rates. However, being affiliated with an NH was associated with a lower rate of antipsychotic use [b = −0.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.50 to −0.001; P = .043], whereas antianxiety rates were associated with neighboring NHs’ prescribing rates (b = 0.43; 95% CI 0.16–0.70; P = .002).Conclusions and ImplicationsThis study suggests reducing antipsychotic medication use in NHs may influence AL practices in a way not accounted for by local NH patterns. And, because antianxiety medications have not been the focus of national campaigns, they may be more subject to local prescribing behaviors. It seems advantageous to consider prescribing in AL when efforts are implemented to change NH prescribing, as there seems to be related influence whether by affiliation or region.     

Defining the Core Skills and Activities of the Attending Physician in Post-Acute and Long-Term Care

The American Board of Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine (ABPLM) contracted with a psychometric firm to perform a 3-phase Job Analysis following best practices. Literature was reviewed, a task force of subject matter experts was convened, a survey was developed and sent via Survey Monkey to attending physicians practicing in post-acute and long-term care settings (PALTC). The task force refined a comprehensive list of the tasks, knowledge, and medical knowledge needed in the role of attending physician in PALTC. These items were written as statements and edited until consensus was reached on their accuracy, conciseness, and lack of overlap. Task statements described distinct, identifiable, and specific practice-related activities relevant across multiple care settings. Knowledge statements described previously acquired information considered necessary to effectively perform such tasks. The survey consisted of 260 items, including 21 demographic questions, 115 task statements, 73 knowledge statements, and 72 medical knowledge statements. The survey was disseminated via e-mail invitations to Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care (AMDA) members and through an online link available through ABPLM’s website. A total of 389 respondents participated. Survey data were analyzed with statistical analysis software SPSS. For each task and knowledge statement, an Overall Task Rating and Knowledge Rating were developed by combining the importance rating weighted at 65% and (for task) the frequency rating or (for knowledge) the cognitive level weighted at 35%. One task statement and 1 medical knowledge statement had a mean importance rating lower than 2.5 and were dropped from further review, resulting in a final count of 114 task, 73 knowledge, and 71 medical knowledge statements (258 total). The results of this Job Analysis highlight the unique and specific nature of medical care provided by attending physicians across a range of PALTC settings. These findings lay a foundation for Focused Practice Designation or Subspecialty in PALTC and changes in practice and policy.     

微酸性电解水实验室微生物杀灭效果研究

 目的 研究某微酸性电解水实验室微生物杀灭效果。方法 选取某次氯酸水发生器现制微酸性电解水,测定不同有效氯含量、不同作用时间其对细菌繁殖体、芽孢以及真菌的杀灭效果。结果 该微酸性电解水有效氯含量为34.3~118 mg/L,有机干扰物牛血清白蛋白浓度为3.0%和0.3%时,分别作用1.0、3.0、5.0、10.0 min,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌的平均杀灭对数值均>5.00,对白假丝酵母菌的平均杀灭对数值均>4.00;有效氯含量为101~118 mg/L,牛血清白蛋白浓度为0.3%时,分别作用5.0、10.0、30.0 min,对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的平均杀灭对数值均>5.00。结论 在特定实验条件下,该微酸性电解水对细菌的繁殖体、芽孢以及真菌均达到消毒剂消毒合格标准。     

放射治疗对乳腺癌患者外周血免疫系统相关指标的影响

目的:研究分析放射治疗对乳腺癌患者免疫系统相关指标的影响。方法:选取在医院就诊的6例病理诊断为乳腺癌Ⅱ~Ⅲ期患者,将所有患者放射治疗前(0 Gy)静脉血样本定义为对照组、放射治疗20 Gy和50 Gy照射后静脉血样本分别定义为20 Gy组和50 Gy组,于放射治疗10次后、25次后采集不同放射治疗累积剂量24 h后静脉血8 ml;采用流式细胞术检测所有受检者不同剂量放射治疗后外周血淋巴细胞亚群百分数、外周血淋巴细胞凋亡及细胞周期的改变;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(q RT-PCR)法检测外周血淋巴细胞微小核糖核酸(miRNA)的改变。结果:乳腺癌患者20 Gy组和50 Gy组照射后与对照组比较,淋巴细胞亚群CD3⁺、CD4⁺/CD8-和CD4⁺/CD8⁺表达水平均呈下调趋势,CD4^-/CD8⁺呈上升趋势,但差异均无统计学意义;20 Gy组T细胞抗原受体(TCR)/CD3明显下调,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.008,P<0.05),50 Gy组TCR/CD3有所回升,但差异无统计学意义。不同剂量的两组照射后乳腺癌患者mi RNA-150、mi RNA-210表达水平随剂量增加呈降低趋势,50 Gy组表达水平明显降低,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.242,Z=-2.402;P<0.05)。结论:放射治疗未引起乳腺癌患者明显的免疫功能抑制,可能是通过改变mi RNA-150、mi RNA-210的通路而抑制肿瘤的生长。     

中国职业卫生与职业病研究的进展

近年来中国职业卫生与职业病研究取得了长足的发展,以职业暴露人群为研究中心,针对职业病的病因、发病机制、人群易感性生物标志物以及风险评估等方面开展了大量的研究,填补了中国甚至世界范围内诸多职业卫生与职业病方面的空缺,具有重要的公共卫生意义。目前中国处于高速发展阶段,大批新兴的、创新的技术正应用于各个领域,推动着中国的产业结构、生产方式和生产技术发生巨大变革,新兴领域的高速发展对职业卫生提出了新的挑战,表现为传统的职业性有害因素带来的职业卫生问题逐渐减少,新的问题不断出现。职业卫生和职业医学也迫切需要将医学科学的新理念、新技术应用于本学科,建立新型健康风险评价体系,进而满足职业人群健康监护和职业病诊断治疗的需求。     

First molecular detection of Anaplasma species in cattle from Kyrgyzstan; molecular identification of human pathogenic novel genotype Anaplasma capra and Anaplasma phagocytophilum related strain

Anaplasmosis is a rickettsial infection with significant effects on human and animal health, and the discovery of new species or genotypes with zoonotic potential in recent years has increased this importance. The aim of this study was to provide the first assessment of the molecular etiology and prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis in Kyrgyzstan (specifically in the Chuy, Talas, Djalal-Abad, Naryn, and Issyk-Kul regions). The prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis was determined as 1.7% (6/358). PCR and partial DNA sequencing results of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene revealed that Anaplasma centrale, A. phagocytophilum like-1, and the human pathogenic novel genotype A. capra are circulating in cattle herds in Kyrgyzstan. Six DNA nucleotide sequences obtained in this study were deposited in GenBank under the following accession numbers: A. centrale (MW672117, MW672118, MW672119, MW672120), A. phagocytophilum (MW672121), and A. capra (MW672115).