我国老年人群艾滋病防控现状与挑战

近年来我国老年人群艾滋病疫情呈现快速上升趋势,老年人群艾滋病防治面临新的挑战。老年人群对HIV感染风险认知较低,发生无保护的临时性行为或商业性行为比例较高,HIV感染风险较高。老年HIV感染者和感染风险较高的老年人群文化程度和社会经济水平普遍偏低,获取艾滋病相关知识和检测服务机会较为有限,老年HIV感染者由于检测发现晚、合并慢性疾病等因素,死亡风险显著上升。需从行为特征、社会经济、文化、心理等方面多维度深入开展老年人艾滋病防治研究,探索和采取适合老年人群特点的防治艾滋病健康服务的策略措施,强化对老年感染者全流程综合管理模式的研究。     

Chimeric multiple antigenic peptides for simultaneous detection of specific antibodies to HIV-1 groups M, N, O, and HIV-2

Synthetic peptides have frequently replaced the more costly recombinant proteins or viral lysates as the antigens of choice for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency viruses. However, development of an assay that is sensitive to all the types and groups of HIV, including the divergent strains of HIV-1 group O, group N, and HIV-2, would require many peptides derived from different types and groups of HIV. Combining multiple peptide antigens may reduce the analytical sensitivity of the individual peptide due to the competition for binding to the solid surface when used in an enzyme immunoassay format. In this study, we developed and evaluated two chimeric multiple antigenic peptides (CMAP) for simultaneous detection of specific antibodies to HIV-1 groups M, N, O, and HIV-2. Both CMAPs correctly identified 304 known HIV positive serum or plasma specimens (260 HIV-1 group M of varying subtypes, 3 group O, and 41 HIV-2) and one chimpanzee serum specimen (group N) and all 66 known HIV negative specimens. CMAP performance was superior to the corresponding individual linear peptides or a linear peptide mixture. The results indicate that CMAPs are useful for the development of highly sensitive and specific assays for the detection of infections caused by HIV-1, including group M, N, and O, and HIV-2.     

2011-2015年芜湖市男男性行为人群安全套使用状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解2011-2015年芜湖市男男性行为人群（men who have sex with men,MSM）安全套使用情况及其影响因素,为当地制订该人群的艾滋病防治措施提供依据。方法 利用《全国艾滋病哨点监测方案》的问卷,在2011-2015年哨点监测期内对约400例MSM进行问卷调查,收集有关艾滋病知识、高危行为等资料,并采集血液进行艾滋病、梅毒、丙肝检测。结果 5年共调查MSM 2 037例。调查对象中最近半年发生肛交性行为安全套每次使用率分别是23.24%、38.13%、37.41%、47.15%和82.22%,呈现逐年上升趋势（χ_趋势2=266.778,P<0.001）;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示最近半年发生同性商业性行为、与女性发生性行为、最近一年诊断过性病的调查对象最近半年每次肛交性行为坚持使用安全套比例较低;血清学检测结果显示调查对象艾滋病、梅毒和丙肝检测阳性率分别是5.84%、12.37%和0.69%,5年的艾滋病阳性率分别是4.36%、3.36%、6.48%、6.48%和8.64%。结论 芜湖市MSM安全套使用率有所提升,但仍然不高;艾滋病、梅毒感染率还在逐年上升,应继续加强该人群针对性宣传教育和行为干预工作。     

妊娠晚期孕妇抑郁与睡眠质量的相关性研究

目的 了解妊娠晚期孕妇抑郁和睡眠质量的现况及其影响因素,探讨妊娠晚期孕妇抑郁与睡眠质量的相关性。方法 选择中卫市2所医院535名符合调查要求的孕妇进行问卷调查,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI）和抑郁自评量表（self-rating depression scale,SDS）评定孕妇睡眠质量及抑郁。结果 535名孕妇抑郁检出率为34.2%,睡眠障碍的检出率为20.6%。有抑郁的孕妇睡眠障碍检出率（29.0%）高于无抑郁的孕妇（16.2%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=12.018,P=0.001）。PSQI总分和SDS得分呈正相关（r=0.680,P<0.001）。文化程度低、夫妻关系差、有孕期并发症、睡眠障碍是妊娠晚期孕妇抑郁的危险因素。有孕期并发症、担忧孩子健康、抑郁是妊娠晚期孕妇睡眠障碍的危险因素。结论 妊娠晚期孕妇睡眠质量与抑郁呈正相关,应采取综合性干预措施改善妊娠晚期孕妇的抑郁情绪和睡眠质量。     

云南省文山州HIV感染者抗病毒治疗脱失影响因素的定性研究

目的 了解云南省文山州人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染者抗病毒治疗（antiretroviral therapy,ART）脱失的影响因素。方法 根据"研究对象最大差异"原则,采用立意抽样的方法从文山州文山市和马关县的三个ART门诊选取ART脱失者、脱失者家属、ART工作人员进行深入定性访谈,从个人、家庭、门诊三个层面探讨ART脱失的影响因素,样本量根据信息饱和原则确定。结果 本次共访谈43名ART脱失者,平均年龄为（47.8±15.6）岁;还访谈了7名脱失者家属和11名ART工作人员。结果显示,药物副反应、对ART认知不正确、担心暴露、歧视、服药心理负担大、采用偏方替代治疗是个人层面影响治疗脱失的因素,家庭支持、ART可及性、门诊医疗服务水平是影响治疗脱失的外部因素。结论 影响文山州HIV感染者ART脱失的因素包括药物副反应、ART认知、心理因素、家庭支持、门诊服务水平和ART可及性,应从个人、家庭和门诊层面采取综合干预措施降低治疗脱失。     

德宏州HIV单阳夫妻双方丙型肝炎病毒感染状况及影响因素

目的 了解云南省德宏州人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）单阳夫妻双方（HIV感染者及其阴性配偶）丙型肝炎病毒（viral hepatitis C,HCV）感染情况及其影响因素。方法 收集HIV单阳夫妻的人口学特征、行为学指标和血样,并进行HCV抗体检测,应用χ2检验和Logistic回归分析不同因素对HCV感染率的影响。结果 582对HIV单阳家庭中,夫妻双方均感染HCV有12对（2.1%）,仅一方感染HCV有138对（23.7%）。HIV阳性配偶HCV感染率为23.2%,HIV阴性配偶HCV感染率为4.6%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=83.641,P<0.001）。男性配偶中,HIV阳性者HCV感染率为32.6%,HIV阴性者HCV感染率为4.6%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=56.828,P<0.001）;女性配偶中,HIV阳性者HCV感染率为4.6%,HIV阴性者HCV感染率为4.7%,二者无统计学差异（χ2<0.001,P=0.958）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,男性配偶中35~46岁、景颇族、HIV阳性、吸毒是HCV感染的危险因素。结论 德宏州HIV单阳夫妻特别是HIV阳性男性配偶中HCV感染率高,HCV存在性传播的潜在威胁,有必要加强对HIV单阳家庭的丙型肝炎防治,对男性和女性配偶采取针对性的预防干预措施。     

北京市2005-2015年艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者生存及其影响因素

目的 分析北京市2005-2015年间艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者的生存情况及其影响因素,评估北京市免费艾滋病抗病毒治疗效果。方法 采用回顾性队列研究方法,利用艾滋病综合防治信息系统中2005-2015年进入队列的病人数据资料进行分析,应用寿命表法计算研究对象的生存率、利用乘积极限法计算研究对象截止观察终点的平均生存时间、采用COX比例风险回归模型分析研究对象生存时间的影响因素。结果 共纳入研究对象10 077例,平均生存时间是131.24个月（130.48~132.00个月）,总病死率为0.45/100人年,治疗1、5、10年累计生存率分别为99.25%、98.22%、96.01%。经多因素调整后分析发现,患者开始治疗时的年龄、感染途径、基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数分组为生存时间的影响因素（均有P<0.05）。结论 北京市免费艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者病死率低,生存率高,治疗效果好;影响北京市免费艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者生存时间的因素为开始治疗时年龄、感染途径、基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数（均有P<0.05）。     

Protective behaviours among young African American women with non-monogamous sexual partners

In the USA, partner non-monogamy is reported to be more common among African American women than White women and may contribute to African American women’s increased risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Few studies have explicitly and comprehensively described the protective behaviours that African American women employ with non-monogamous partners to reduce their HIV risk. We conducted interviews to examine protective behaviours among 11 African American women aged 18–24 years who perceived that a partner in the preceding 12 months had another sex partner. Participants described three types of partnerships with 29 non-monogamous men; these partnerships clustered into three categories. Narrative analysis revealed an overall paucity of protective behaviours with non-monogamous partners. Protective behaviours (i.e. communication and condom use) were informed by partnership type, rather than perceptions of non-monogamy. There were few instances in which partner non-monogamy motivated women to terminate sex partnerships. Rather, these decisions were often motivated by changes in other relationship dynamics. To address HIV/STI risk related to partner non-monogamy, HIV prevention strategies for young African American women should emphasise the importance of condom use in all non-marital partnership types. Interventions where testing is available may be effective for women who frequently test for HIV/STIs but do not use condoms.     

Differences in Selected HIV Care Continuum Outcomes Among People Residing in Rural,Urban, and Metropolitan Areas—28 US Jurisdictions

Purpose

The HIV care continuum is used to monitor success in HIV diagnosis and treatment among persons living with HIV in the United States. Significant differences exist along the HIV care continuum between subpopulations of people living with HIV; however, differences that may exist between residents of rural and nonrural areas have not been reported.

Methods

We analyzed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National HIV Surveillance System data on adults and adolescents (≥13 years) with HIV diagnosed in 28 jurisdictions with complete reporting of HIV‐related lab results. Lab data were used to assess linkage to care (≥1 CD4 or viral load test ≤3 months of diagnosis), retention in care (≥2 CD4 and/or viral load tests ≥3 months apart), and viral suppression (viral load <200 copies/mL) among persons living with HIV. Residence at diagnosis was grouped into rural (<50,000 population), urban (50,000‐499,999 population), and metropolitan (≥500,000 population) categories for statistical comparison. Prevalence ratios and 95% CI were calculated to assess significant differences in linkage, retention, and viral suppression.

Findings

Although greater linkage to care was found for rural residents (84.3%) compared to urban residents (83.3%) and metropolitan residents (81.9%), significantly lower levels of retention in care and viral suppression were found for residents of rural (46.2% and 50.0%, respectively) and urban (50.2% and 47.2%) areas compared to residents of metropolitan areas (54.5% and 50.8%).

Conclusions

Interventions are needed to increase retention in care and viral suppression among people with HIV in nonmetropolitan areas of the United States.     

Family Related Factors and Concurrent Heroin Use in Methadone Maintenance Treatment in China

Background: The use of heroin during Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) is a challenging problem that contributes to poor treatment outcomes. Families may play an important role in addressing concurrent heroin use during MMT, especially in collectivist societies such as China. Objectives: In this study, we explored the relationship between family-related factors and concurrent heroin use during MMT in China. Methods: This study was conducted at 68 MMT clinics in five provinces of China. There were 2,446 MMT clients in the analysis. Demographic information, MMT dosage, family members' heroin use status, family support of MMT, family problem, and self-reported heroin use were collected in a cross-sectional survey. The most recent urinalysis of opiate use was obtained from clinical records. Results: Of the 2,446 participants, 533 (21.79%) self-reported heroin use in the previous seven days or had a positive urine morphine test result in the clinic record. Participants whose family member[s] used heroin were 1.59 times (95% CI: 1.17, 2.15) more likely to use concurrently during treatment. Those with family members who totally support them on the MMT were less likely to use (AOR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.94). Having more family problems was positively associated with concurrent heroin use (AOR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.93). Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of the family's role in concurrent heroin use during MMT programs. The study's findings may have implications for family-based interventions that address concurrent heroin use.