北京通州区中小学生家长为子女接种新冠疫苗意愿及影响因素

  目的  了解北京市通州区中小学生家长接种新型冠状病毒疫苗(以下简称“新冠疫苗”)意愿及影响因素,为分析学生接种新冠病毒疫苗的可行性提供参考。  方法  采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽取通州区3 026名学生家长,采用问卷星进行线上调查,比较不同特征家长对新冠疫苗接种意愿的差异;采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析调查对象为孩子接种新冠疫苗的相关因素。  结果  65.40%的家长愿意为孩子接种新冠疫苗。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,农村地区、孩子为女生、孩子健康状况良好、直接参与新冠防控工作、为孩子接种过自费疫苗的家长接种意愿更高(OR值分别为1.17,1.33,0.64,1.32,1.47,P值均<0.05)。  结论  通州区中小学家长为孩子接种新冠疫苗的接种意愿较低。应加大政府权威部门、官方媒体的宣传,通过医务人员推荐提高疫苗接种率。     

Invasive pneumococcal disease in children under 16 years of age: Incomplete rebound in incidence after the maximum effect of PCV13 in 2012/13 in Germany

ObjectiveTo identify a potential nadir of the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) in infancy on invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in children under 16 in Germany.MethodsActive surveillance on IPD based on two independent data sources with capture-recapture correction for underreporting. Annual incidence rates by age group, serotypes, site of infection, and relative incidence reduction compared to pre-vaccination period (1997–2001) at nadir and for the most recent season are reported. We calculated vaccine coverage at the age of 24 months using health insurance claims data.Results96–97% of children had received at least two doses of PCV since 2009. The maximum impact on overall IPD incidence was achieved in 2012/13 (−48% [95% CI: −55%; −39%]) with a rebound to −26% [95% CI: −36%; −16%] in 2015/16. Non-PCV13 serotypes accounted for 84.1% of the IPD cases in 2015/16. The most frequent non-PCV serotypes in IPD in 2014/15 and 2015/16 were 10A, 24F, 15C, 12F, 38, 22F, 23B, and 15B. The impact at nadir was highest in children 0–1 years of age both in meningitis and non-meningitis cases, whereas the impact for other age groups was higher for meningitis cases. The rebound mainly pertained to non-meningitis cases.ConclusionThe maximum impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination has been attained and signs of a rebound are apparent. Sustained surveillance for IPD in children is warranted to assess whether these trends will continue. There may be a need for vaccines using antigens common to all serotypes.     

Willingness to accept a future influenza A(H7N9) vaccine in Beijing,China

BackgroundThe present study aimed to estimate residents’ willingness to accept a future H7N9 vaccine and its determinants in the general adult population in Beijing, China.MethodsWe conducted a multi-stage sampling, cross-sectional survey using self-administered anonymous questionnaires from May to June, in 2014. The main outcome variable was residents’ willingness to accept a future H7N9 vaccine. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of vaccination willingness.ResultsOf the 7264 eligible participants, 14.5% of Beijing residents reported that they had not heard of H7N9. Among those who had heard of H7N9, 59.5% of the general adult population would be willing to accept a future H7N9 vaccine, and approximately half of them reported ‘I am afraid of being infected by H7N9’ and ‘H7N9 vaccine can prevent infections’, and 28.1% reported ‘my daily life is affected by H7N9’. The variables that were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of reporting willingness were being younger adults (aged 18–29 years: OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17–1.97; aged 30–39 years: OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08–1.78), being farmers (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.32–1.96), being unemployed people (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04–1.78), living in suburban areas (OR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.89–2.51), having ≥2 children in the family (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.03–1.92), perceived risk in China (OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.15–1.48), perceived susceptibility to disease (OR = 3.13; 95% CI: 2.73–3.58), perceived negative effect on daily life (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.13–1.55), perceived effectiveness of vaccination (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 2.07–2.64), and recent uptake of influenza vaccine (OR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.92–2.66).ConclusionsA great number of Beijing residents had doubts about the vaccine’s effectiveness and were not concerned about disease risk, which were the factors affecting willingness to be vaccinated. Targeted education programs on disease risk as well as vaccine’s effectiveness are needed to improve the willingness of vaccination for potential H7N9 pandemic preparedness.     

2009-2017年北京市通州区手足口病流行病学特征及病原监测分析

目的分析2009 — 2017年北京市通州区手足口病流行特征及病原学结果，为制定防控策略提供依据。方法收集通州区近9年的手足口病报告资料，采用描述流行病学方法对手足口病流行病学及病原资料进行分析。结果9年间通州区报告手足口病病例29 809例，年均发病率为276.04/10万，呈下降趋势，病例数隔年高发，5 — 7月为发病高峰。 西部和北部地区年均发病率高，前3位为马驹桥镇、梨园镇和张家湾镇。 男女性别比为1.45∶1，集中在≤5岁年龄组，占91.23%。 2010年重症病例比例最高，达0.54%，随后逐年下降（χ2＝–6.864，P＜0.001）。 历年病原谱构成不同（χ2＝285.149，P＜0.001），优势毒株呈季节性变化。结论通州区手足口病发病率和重症比例呈下降趋势，有季节性、≤5岁儿童和重点地区高发的分布特征，病原分布呈不同年份和季节的动态变化。 应进一步加强疫情监测和宣传教育力度，做好病原学检测，流行季节对重点地区、重点人群采取有效的综合性防控措施。     

免疫预防不同时期北京市通州区麻疹流行病学特征动态分析

目的随着麻疹疫苗的广泛应用,麻疹发病年龄出现“双相”趋势,在目前麻疹发病年龄结构和流行病学动态形势下,提供现阶段制定麻疹防治策略的参考依据。方法针对免疫预防30年后麻疹流行特征动态变化,结合各人群血清学监测结果,对现阶段麻疹的流行规律进行描述性流行病学分析预测。结果从麻疹疫苗广泛应用到计划免疫再到免疫规划的30年间,虽然发病年龄构成改变,北京市通州区麻疹整体发病率持续下降,维持3／10万的低发病率水平,并且临床并发症减少,轻型、不典型以及不可预防性病例增多。但2005年后发病率显著回升,表现出〈8月龄婴儿和≥20岁人群发病升高的“双相”趋势,流动人口以多发、爆发为主要流行类型,成为影响该地区麻疹发病率升高的主要原因。血清学监测结果显示,1982—1991年和1992～2006年两时期婴儿麻疹疫苗初免成功率均较高（x^2=0．189,P=0．921）,抗体GMT均达到较高水平;1982～1991年和2007年两时期健康人群抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义（x^2=12．784,P〈0．01）;相同时期的育龄妇女抗体阳性率分别为95．94％和92．51％（x^2=1．524,P=0．900）,健康人群及育龄妇女抗体GMT均偏低。结论随着麻疹流行特征的改变,血清流行病学随之改变,形成了不同时期麻疹流行规律特征的免疫学基础,制定大年龄及育龄妇女的免疫策略,是降低“双相”趋势升高的有效手段。     

一起带状疱疹患者引起福利院水痘疫情暴发的调查

  目的  分析一起因带状疱疹引起某社会福利院水痘疫情暴发的调查处置情况,为预防和控制此类集体机构水痘疫情提供参考依据。  方法  制定病例定义,查阅福利院健康监测表、考勤记录、传染病监测系统等开展病例主动搜索与个案调查。 采用描述性流行病学方法分析疫情流行病学特征。  结果  2020年3月28日至4月28日该福利院共发生带状疱疹病例1例、水痘病例17例,水痘罹患率为27.87%（17/61）,收养人员罹患率55.56%（15/27）高于工作人员罹患率5.88%（2/34）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=18.47,P＜0.001）。 收养人员中14岁及以下儿童罹患率较高,差异无统计学意义（P=0.45）。 收养人员水痘疫苗接种率11.11%,2剂次全程免疫接种率仅3.70%,无免疫史人群罹患率58.33%（14/24）高于有免疫史人群罹患率33.33%（1/3）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.57）。 收养人员身体状况复杂,病程持续11～41 d,患病持续时间较长。 对首发病例及9例水痘临床诊断病例采集标本,经RT-PCR检测水痘?带状疱疹病毒核酸阳性。  结论  本次福利院水痘疫情暴发传染源为罹患带状疱疹的护理员。 福利院收养人员身体状况复杂且采取集体生活方式,易发生传染病传播流行。 提高适龄儿童疫苗接种率,减少免疫空白,加强机构内传染病防控,鼓励相关工作人员入职前接种带状疱疹疫苗,可有效防控水痘?带状疱疹病毒传播流行。     

2011年北京市通州区分离单增李斯特菌的生物学及分子流行病学特征

目的 了解2007-2011年北京市通州地区食品及患者分离的单增李斯特菌的生物学和流行病学特征,为李斯特菌病的预防控制提供参考依据。 方法 对分离的单增李斯特菌进行6个毒力因子(prfA、actA、iap、hly、plcB、inlA)的检测、血清分型和脉冲场凝胶电泳分型。 结果 57株单增李斯特菌的6个毒力因子均为阳性,分为5种血清型,主要血清型为1/2a和1/2c型,PFGE分型分为19种带型,主要带型为GX6A16.CN0004。 结论 通州地区分离的单增李斯特菌全部携带6个主要毒力因子,分子型别呈现多态性。     

2005～2010年北京市通州区麻疹暴发疫情流行病学特征

目的 分析2005～2010年通州区麻疹暴发的流行病学特征和发生原因,预防和控制麻疹暴发,将该区麻疹发病率控制在较低水平.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对数据进行分析.结果 2005～2010年通州区共报告麻疹暴发疫情11起,累计病例45例;外来人口病例44例,本市人口病例1例;暴发病例中,有免疫史的占8.89%,无免疫史或免疫史不详的为91.11%.结论 控制麻疹暴发的重点在于对外来人口的综合管理,高质量的MV常规免疫接种是减少麻疹发病,控制麻疹暴发的重要手段之一.     

2016-2019年北京市通州区食源性疾病监测中致泻性大肠埃希菌流行特征分析

目的 了解北京市通州区食源性疾病监测病例中致泻性大肠埃希菌(diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli,DEC)流行特征,为DEC相关食源性疾病的防控提供参考依据.方法 对2016-2019年北京市通州区食源性疾病主动监测的1 675例患者的粪便标本进行DEC菌株分离与鉴定,对DEC感染病例流行特征...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎无症状感染者及其对疫情防控的挑战

2019年12月湖北省武汉市出现新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情,随着研究的深入,发现了新型冠状病毒肺炎无症状感染者。本文通过梳理无症状感染者的发现过程,分析其转归及传播风险,提出现阶段针对无症状感染者防控存在的问题和建议。