基于分布滞后非线性模型探讨上海市诺如病毒感染性腹泻的发病与气象因素的关联

  目的  探讨上海市腹泻患者中诺如病毒感染与气象因素的关联,为诺如病毒感染性腹泻的防控提供科学依据。  方法  收集上海市2012―2019年腹泻病例与上海市各气象监测点逐日气象资料,利用分布滞后非线性模型(distributed lag non-linear model, DLNM)分析诺如病毒感染性腹泻的发病与气象因素的关联。  结果  在21 148名腹泻入院的就诊患者中,诺如病毒检出率为18.75%。其中45~＜60岁人群的检出率最高(22.72%)。DLNM结果显示,相对于日平均气温18 ℃(P₅₀),当日平均气温为-6 ℃时对诺如病毒感染的影响最大(RR=3.06, 95% CI: 1.49~6.30);日平均气温在滞后2 d时对诺如病毒感染产生最大影响(RR=1.15, 95% CI: 1.02~1.29)。相对于日降水量0 mm(P₅₀),当日降水量195 mm时出现最大负效应(RR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.06~1.66)。  结论  上海市腹泻入院就诊患者的诺如病毒感染率较高,低温增加诺如病毒感染性腹泻发病风险,应根据诺如病毒流行特征针对性地开展防控工作。     

Public Awareness and Mask Usage during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Survey by China CDC New Media

An online survey conducted March 18–19, 2020 on the official China CDC WeChat account platform was used to evaluate the effect of public education about masks usage during the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Chinese nationals older than 18 were eligible for the survey. The survey collected 5,761 questionnaires from the 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions of mainland China. 99.7% and 97.2% of the respondents answered correctly that respiratory droplets and direct contact were the main transmission routes. 73.3% of the respondents considered COVID-19 to be ‘serious’ or ‘very serious’. When going to the hospital, 96.9% (2,885/2,976 had gone to a hospital) used a mask during the COVID-19 epidemic, while 41.1% (2,367/5,761) did not use a mask before the epidemic. Among the respondents that used public transportation and went shopping, 99.6% and 99.4%, respectively, wore masks. Among respondents who returned to work, 75.5% wore a mask at the workplace, while 86.3% of those who have not returned to work will choose to use masks when they return to the workplace. The Chinese public is highly likely to use a mask during COVID-19 epidemic, and the mask usage changed greatly since the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, public education has played an important role during the COVID-19 epidemic.     

Factors associated to repeated influenza vaccination in the Portuguese adults with chronic conditions

Annual influenza vaccination is recommended to people with chronic conditions. This study aimed to estimate the proportion of chronically ill adults vaccinated against influenza in consecutive seasons and to identify associated factors.We used data from the first National Health Examination Survey (INSEF), a cross-sectional study conducted in 2015 on a probabilistic sample of individuals aged 25–74 years. The population was restricted to individuals who self-reported diabetes, a respiratory, cardiovascular, liver or kidney disease. Self-reported vaccination in 4 consecutive seasons was categorized in 3 levels: unvaccinated, occasionally (vaccinated 1–3 seasons) and repeatedly vaccinated (in all 4 seasons). A multinomial logistic regression was applied to estimate odds-ratio (OR) of influenza vaccination according to sociodemographic factors, chronic condition, health care use and status.In the target population, the 2014/15 influenza vaccine coverage was 33.8% (95% CI: 29.8–38.1). The higher coverage was found in individuals reporting renal disease (66.7%) and diabetes (43.8%). The coverage decreased to 32.6%, 26.0% and 20.8% for individuals with respiratory, cardiovascular and liver diseases, respectively. The probability of being repeatedly vaccinated, compared to unvaccinated, was higher in males (OR = 2.14: 95% CI: 1.31–3.52); aged 65 and 74 (OR = 4.39; 95% CI: 1.99–9.69); whom had an appointment with a general practitioner (OR = 2.77; 95% CI: 1.00–7.66) or other physician (OR = 3.95: 95% CI: 2.53–6.16); with no smoking habits (OR = 1.58; 95% I: 1.02–2.46) and reporting diabetes (OR = 2.13; 95% CI: 1.02–4.45). Finally, having a self-reported cardiovascular condition decreased the likelihood of being occasionally (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.22–0.65) vaccinated against influenza.Younger individuals, females and the ones with a self-reported cardiovascular condition were identified as more likely of non-compliance to the vaccine uptake recommendation. Future vaccination strategies should focus on the previous identified population subgroups. Also, the medical recommendation of the influenza vaccine uptake should continue and be reinforced particularly in individuals with a cardiovascular condition.     

中国10省(市)流感成年人住院病例的临床特征及重症危险因素分析

目的 了解中国10省(市)严重急性呼吸道感染(SARI)住院病例哨点监测纳入的流感成年人住院病例的临床特征及重症危险因素。方法 对2009年12月至2014年6月中国10省(市)SARI哨点监测医院纳入的符合SARI定义的≥15岁病例进行流行病学和临床信息调查,采集呼吸道标本进行流感病毒核酸检测。按检测结果将病例分为流感住院组和非流感住院组,分析两组人口统计学信息、临床和流行病学特征,并分析重症危险因素。结果 10家哨点医院共纳入3 071例SARI成年人病例,其中实验室确诊240例(7.8%),以A(H1N1)pdm2009和A(H3N2)亚型流感病毒为主。病例年龄M为63岁,≥65岁老年人占47.1%。144例(60.0%)患有至少1种慢性基础性疾病,流感病例肺气肿比例(7.9%)高于非流感病例(3.8%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=3.963,P=0.047)。19.4%的流感育龄妇女为孕妇,240例流感病例中仅有1.1%在过去一年接种过流感疫苗。流感住院病例中咽痛、呼吸困难所占比例高于非流感住院病例。17.5%的流感病例收入重症监护室治疗,与非流感住院病例间的差异无统计学意义(P=0.160)。23.1%的流感病例在发病后使用了抗病毒药物治疗,高于非流感住院组(4.8%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。流感住院病例中41.5%出现并发症,病毒性肺炎比例明显高于非流感组(P<0.001)。危险因素分析显示,发病入院时间>7 d(RR=1.673,95%CI:1.071～2.614)、患有哮喘(RR=15.200,95%CI:1.157～199.633)、免疫抑制疾病(RR=5.250,95%CI:1.255～21.960)、怀孕(RR=21.000,95%CI:1.734～254.275)是流感重症的危险因素。结论 成年人流感住院病例主要集中在≥65岁组,流感疫苗接种率极低、抗病毒药物使用不足,应推荐孕妇、老年人、慢性病病例等高危人群每年进行流感疫苗预防接种,流感住院病例应及早应用抗病毒药物。     

Human Exposure to Live Poultry and Psychological and Behavioral Responses to Influenza A(H7N9), China

To investigate human exposure to live poultry and changes in risk perception and behavior after the April 2013 influenza A(H7N9) outbreak in China, we surveyed 2,504 urban residents in 5 cities and 1,227 rural residents in 4 provinces and found that perceived risk for influenza A(H7N9) was low. The highest rate of exposure to live poultry was reported in Guangzhou, where 47% of those surveyed reported visiting a live poultry market >1 times in the previous year. Most (77%) urban respondents reported that they visited live markets less often after influenza A(H7N9) cases were first identified in China in March 2013, but only 30% supported permanent closure of the markets to control the epidemic. In rural areas, 48% of respondents reported that they raised backyard poultry. Exposure to live commercial and private poultry is common in urban and rural China and remains a potential risk factor for human infection with novel influenza viruses.     

2014年上海市浦东新区法定传染病疫情分析

摘要:目的 分析上海市浦东新区2014年法定传染病的发病情况和流行特征,为制定防病策略,控制和降低浦东新区法定传染病发病率提供科学依据。方法 对2014年报告的浦东新区法定传染病疫情资料进行流行病学分析。结果 2014年报告浦东新区甲乙丙类法定传染病共21种24 451例,发病率为448.54/10万;死亡18例,死亡率0.33/10万。报告病例数前5位的病种依次为手足口病、梅毒、肺结核、淋病和流行性腮腺炎,占发病总数的91.64%;传染病发病以春夏季为主,4-7月为发病高峰;男女性发病比为1.61∶1;年龄分布以婴幼儿为主;职业以散居儿童、幼托儿童、学生、家务及待业和不详为主。结论 2014年浦东新区法定传染病发病数比2013年有较大的上升,应加大对重点人群及重点机构的防控力度,采取有效措施控制该区传染病。     

浙江省2012年传染病自动预警系统运行情况分析

目的分析评价中国传染病自动预警系统(CIDARS)在浙江省的预警应用效果.方法对浙江省2012年传染病自动预警监测数据进行描述性分析,并与同期报告病例数及相关突发公共卫生事件进行比较.结果2012年浙江省预警系统共发出28种传染病14 292条预警信号,响应率为100%,平均响应时间为0.81 h.其中123条信号(0.86%)经初步核实判断为疑似事件,经过现场调查确认33起暴发,预警阳性率为0.23%.预警病种的报告病例数与预警信号数呈正相关变化(r=0.97,P<0.01);预警县(区)数与信号数呈正相关(r=0.80,P<0.01).结论CIDARS运行良好,能够辅助基层疾病预防控制机构早期发现可能的传染病暴发,但预警信号阳性率较低,不同地区、不同病种的预警效果存在差别.     

狂犬病预防控制技术指南(2016版)

为指导基层狂犬病预防控制工作,尤其是暴露后的预防处置及降低死亡,中国CDC组织专家,参考WHO和美国CDC相关技术指南,以及国内外最新研究进展,制定了《狂犬病预防控制技术指南(2016版)》(指南)。指南系统回顾了狂犬病的病原学及实验室诊断、临床学、流行病学、疫苗和被动免疫制剂的种类、机制、效果、安全性和不良反应监测与处置,以及暴露预防处置方法等内容的科学证据,在此基础上对狂犬病暴露前和暴露后预防的伤口处置、疫苗接种和被动免疫制剂使用等技术给出推荐建议。指南适用于从事狂犬病防控工作的各级各类疾病预防控制机构、狂犬病暴露预防处置门诊、医疗机构感染科和急诊科等专业人员。本指南也将根据国内外狂犬病研究进展不断更新和完善。