Bone growth patterns in Chinese children and adolescents: a 6-year follow-up study provides evidence for sexual dimorphism and tracking

Summary We prospectively examined bone growth patterns in 894 children aged 6–17 years at the baseline visit, with a 6-year follow-up. Results show bone “tracking” over a six-year interval and sexual dimorphism of bone attained levels and timing of peak bone growth. Our findings underscore childhood and adolescence as critical periods for building bone and developing gender differences. Introduction Bone growth patterns were prospectively examined in 894 Chinese children (496 males), aged 6–17 yrs, from a population-based twin cohort. Whole-body bone area (BA), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by DEXA at baseline and a 6-yr follow-up. Methods Graphic smoothing plots and generalized estimating equations were used to model bone attained levels, growth, and “tracking”. Results Attained levels of BMC and BA increased curvilinearly with age. Male attained levels were higher than females after age ∼15 yr, but BMD was lower between 13–17 yrs (Tanner stage I to IV). In both genders, peak BMC and BMD growth lagged ∼2 yrs behind peak BA growth, which lagged 2 yrs behind peak height growth. Peak bone growth occurred 1–3 yrs later in males. Over the 6-yr follow-up, all bone measurements “tracked”, but “shifting” across ranks also occurred, and baseline tertile ranking influenced bone growth. Females with early menarche had higher attained levels than females with late menarche at age 12–13 yrs. Conclusion Our findings confirm and expand previous studies on peak bone growth conducted in Caucasian cohorts, particularly sexually dimorphic and maturational effects. The significant “tracking” of bone measurements in this 6-yr follow-up study underscores the importance that osteoporosis prevention should begin in childhood and adolescence. Fengxiu Ouyang and Binyan Wang contributed equally to this article. Source(s) of support: This study is supported in part by grant R01 HD049059, R01 HL0864619 and R01 AR045651 from the National Institute of Health and by the Food Allergy Project.     

结节性皮肤狼疮黏蛋白病

报告1例盘状红斑狼疮并发结节性皮肤狼疮黏蛋白病。患者男，45岁因而颈部红斑、皮肤萎缩20余年．背部、双上肢斑块、结节半年余就诊实验室检查抗核抗体（ANA）（＋），滴度1：320．抗ds—DNA抗体、抗Sm抗体均（-），背部皮损组织病理检查提示真皮中上部大量黏蛋白沉积。     

36例胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤的临床分析

目的：探讨胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤的诊断和治疗。方法：对1998年6月至2006年9月瑞金医院收治的36例病理诊断为胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤好发于中老年女性,多见于胰腺头颈部,无特征性临床表现。B超和CT诊断囊性肿瘤的正确率分别为69%（25/36）和94%（34/36）。CT对于囊腺瘤的诊断正确率为80%（29/36）,对浆液性囊腺瘤的诊断正确率为61%（22/36）。在不能排除或考虑实性假乳头状瘤的病人中MRI对于囊腺瘤的诊断正确率80%（4/5）。本组35例行手术治疗,其中7例行胰十二指肠切除;11例行胰腺节段切除;12例行胰体尾切除;5例行局部切除,1例行剖腹探查活组织检查。10例术后出现并发症,包括胰瘘、内出血、幽门梗阻、胰腺假性囊肿合并肠瘘病人及不同程度的胸腔积液。1例因内出血死亡。本组3例失访,32例获随访,除2例因其它疾病死亡,其余均健在,术后无复发。结论：CT和MRI,结合肿瘤学指标和临床病理特征可大大提高浆液性囊腺瘤的术前诊断率。浆液性囊腺瘤是一种良性的肿瘤,但手术治疗并发症较多。大多数浆液性囊腺瘤可考虑随访;有症状的胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤,或与黏液性囊性肿瘤不能鉴别者,应手术治疗。     

脑血管疾病合并肺部感染的病原学分析及抗生素治疗体会

目的:对脑血管疾病合并肺部感染的病因及病原学进行分析,初步探讨抗生素的合理应用.方法:对2003年1月-2006年11月收住我院的84例脑血管疾病合并肺部感染的患者进行病因学分析,根据呼吸道分泌物培养及药敏试验结果,分析抗生素治疗的效果及疾病转归.结果:脑血管疾病合并肺部感染患者假性球麻痹、意识障碍、低蛋白血症、慢性阻塞性肺部疾病、糖尿病、心脏疾病的发生率均＞30%.病原学分析提示居前3位的病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌(47株,占27.3%)、铜绿假单胞菌(31株,占18.0%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(21株,占12.2%).其中金黄色葡萄球菌全部对万古霉素敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮 舒巴坦、头孢他啶、环丙沙星等比较敏感,其中肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮 舒巴坦敏感性相对较高,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、环丙沙星、阿米卡星敏感性相对较高.结论:脑血管疾病合并肺部感染患者多合并高血压、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、糖尿病、心脏病,或出现假性球麻痹、意识障碍、营养状况不佳.脑血管疾病合并肺部感染的主要病原菌为G-杆菌,碳青霉烯类如亚胺培南、氨基糖甙类如阿米卡星、第三代头孢菌素头孢哌酮 舒巴坦、头孢他啶,奎诺酮类如环丙沙星在治疗脑血管病合并肺部感染时可作为经验性优先选用药物.     

兔VX2肝癌模型的制作及CT、MRI表现

目的建立稳定的兔VX2移植性肝癌模型,分析少血供移植性肝恶性肿瘤的CT及MRI影像特征,与病理学相对照。方法取荷瘤兔后腿肌肉内VX2肿瘤,剪成小块后,经开腹种植于30只新西兰大白兔肝左叶或肝中叶,于种植后第2周、第3周分别进行CT及MRI增强扫描,统计肿瘤种植成功率,观察肿瘤体积及生长指数,分析肿瘤CT及MRI平扫和增强表现,区分富血供、少血供肿瘤;分别处死2只实验兔进行病理分析,与影像学相对照。结果VX2移植瘤种植成功22只;成瘤率为73%。2周与3周时肿瘤生长率有显著差异(P<0.01)。VX2移植瘤在CT及MRI上表现为占位性病变,呈类圆形或分叶状低密度或低信号结节,增强后发现少血供VX2移植瘤14只,表现为肿瘤无强化或轻微强化,肿瘤主体保持为低密度或低信号;富血供肝移植瘤8只,表现为肿瘤中度强化或明显强化,肿瘤主体密度或信号明显高于肝实质。光镜下肿瘤新生毛细血管虽较丰富,但纤细。结论经开腹种植法制作兔VX2肝移植瘤模型是一种简单、成功率高的建模方法,但易发生转移。CT及MRI平扫和增强扫描是检测肿瘤生长和血供的可靠方法,兔VX2肝移植瘤模型在CT与MRI上主要是一种少血供肝癌模型。     

丙泊酚对大鼠缺血再灌注肾NF-κB、TNF-α表达的影响

目的 研究丙泊酚对大鼠肢体缺血再灌注损伤后肾组织中肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumornecrosisfactor-α，TNF-α）、核因子-κB（nuclear factor-κxB，NF-κB）表达的影响。方法 24只SD雄性大鼠，随机分为假手术对照组（A组），肢体缺血再灌注组（B组）和丙泊酚干预组（C组），每组8只。采用免疫组织化学方法检测TNF-α、NF-κB的表达，行图像分析半定量。结果 B组大鼠肾组织中TNF-α、NF-κB的表达明显高于A组（P〈0．05），C组明显低于B组（P〈0．05）。结论 肢体缺血再灌注后有明显肾损伤，丙泊酚对肢体缺血再灌注肾损伤有一定程度的保护作用，其机制可能与下调大鼠肢体缺血再灌注损伤肾组织中TNF-α、NF-κB的过度表达有关。     

Isoflurane Preconditioning Improves Long-term Neurologic Outcome after Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats

Background: Preconditioning the brain with relatively safe drugs seems to be a viable option to reduce ischemic brain injury. The authors and others have shown that the volatile anesthetic isoflurane can precondition the brain against ischemia. Here, the authors determine whether isoflurane preconditioning improves long-term neurologic outcome after brain ischemia.

Methods: Six-day-old rats were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane for 30 min at 24 h before the brain hypoxia-ischemia that was induced by left common carotid arterial ligation and then exposure to 8% oxygen for 2 h. The neuropathology, motor coordination, and learning and memory functions were assayed 1 month after the brain ischemia. Western analysis was performed to quantify the expression of the heat shock protein 70, Bcl-2, and survivin 24 h after isoflurane exposure.

Results: The mortality was 45% after brain hypoxia-ischemia. Isoflurane preconditioning did not affect this mortality. However, isoflurane preconditioning attenuated ischemia-induced loss of neurons and brain tissues, such as cerebral cortex and hippocampus in the survivors. Isoflurane also improved the motor coordination of rats at 1 month after ischemia. The learning and memory functions as measured by performance of Y-maze and social recognition tasks in the survivors were not affected by the brain hypoxia-ischemia or isoflurane preconditioning. The expression of Bcl-2, a well-known antiapoptotic protein, in the hippocampus is increased after isoflurane exposure. This increase was reduced by the inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition also abolished isoflurane preconditioning-induced neuroprotection.     

支气管动脉栓塞术治疗咯血的疗效分析

目的 评价支气管动脉栓塞术治疗咯血的临床疗效.方法 对45例咯血患者用明胶海绵颗粒、聚乙烯醇(PVA)微球栓塞剂行支气管动脉栓塞术.结果 45例患者均成功行支气管动脉栓塞术,41例咯血完全控制,4例复发,复发率8.9%,5例患者术后出现胸痛和低热不适,无需特别处理,可自行缓解,未出现穿刺部位血肿和截瘫等并发症.结论 支气管动脉栓塞术是治疗咯血的一种快速、安全、有效的方法.     

利福昔明对比环丙沙星治疗急性肠炎临床研究

目的　研究利福昔明对比环丙沙星治疗急性肠炎的有效性和安全性。　方法　采用随机对照方法 ,共治疗 5 1例急性肠炎。利福昔明治疗 2 5例 ,环丙沙星 2 6例 ,用药时间方法相同。观察治疗前后临床症状、大便性状、大便次数、便常规、血常规、尿常规及肝肾功能 ,以了解其疗效及不良反应情况。　结果　利福昔明组 (治疗组 )与环丙沙星组 (对照组 )相比 ,显效率分别为 92 .0 %和 80 .8% ,总有效率分别为 92 .0 %和 96 .2 % ,止泻时间治疗组 2 8.6 7± 15 .92h ,对照组 36 .12± 2 0 .70h ,均未见明显毒副作用。以上各项指标及两组在治疗过程中大便次数变化、大便常规复常率经统计学处理均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。　结论　利福昔明可用于治疗急性肠炎 ,与环丙沙星比较 ,疗效相仿 ,但耐受性好 ,口服不吸收 ,故值得推广     

川芎嗪对肾缺血再灌注时c-fos bcl-2 ICAM-1蛋白表达的影响

目的　探讨大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤不同时间c -fos、细胞淋巴瘤 /白血病 - 2、细胞间粘附分子- 1蛋白的表达及川芎嗪对其影响。方法　用免疫组化法检测大鼠急性肾缺血再灌注不同时间内及川芎嗪干预后c -fos、细胞淋巴瘤 /白血病 - 2、细胞间粘附分子 - 1蛋白表达的分布及强度变化。结果　c -fos蛋白分布于近曲小管、远曲小管、集合管上皮细胞的细胞核、细胞浆内 ,再灌注后 1h表达明显增强 ,3h达高峰 ,6h锐减。细胞淋巴瘤 /白血病 - 2蛋白主要分布于近曲小管上皮细胞的细胞浆 ,再灌注后 1h表达明显增强 ,6h达高峰 ,2 4h仍有较强表达。细胞间粘附分子 - 1蛋白分布在肾血管、肾小管等部位 ,其中以肾血管为著 ,其表达增强于再灌注后 1h ,直到 2 4h仍有增高趋势。川芎嗪干预后c -fos、细胞间粘附分子 - 1蛋白表达明显下降 (P <0 0 1 )。细胞淋巴瘤 /白血病 - 2表达明显增高 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　川芎嗪对肾缺血再灌注损伤有较好的保护作用