新生儿食管闭锁的外科治疗

目的 总结新生儿食管闭锁的诊断和治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2010年6月收治的新生儿食管闭锁61例,男34例,女27例.手术年龄18 h～7 d,平均(2.5±0.6)d,体重1 500～4 000 g,其中低体重儿(＜2 500g)16例.61例中按Gross病理解剖分类:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅲa型32例,Ⅲb型27例,Ⅲa型中有1例远端食管有局限狭窄,开口约0.2 cm;合并畸形:先天性心脏病15例,肠道畸形4例,泌尿系畸形3例.结果 61例中2例Ⅰ型食管闭锁先行近端食管引流、胃造瘘,2周后行结肠代食管手术,59例Ⅲ型均Ⅰ期食管气管瘘切断缝扎、食管端端吻合术,Ⅲa型中远端食管有1例局限性狭窄,行纵切横缝解除狭窄.术后并发单侧或双侧严重肺炎42例,硬肿症3例,近期吻合口狭窄24例,吻合口瘘3例.除1例术后2d合并肠穿孔死亡,3例放弃治疗(均为早期病例:1例为术后1周出现核黄疸,2例术后合并严重肺部感染不能脱离呼吸机),余57例均痊愈出院.术后随访3个月～8年,轻度胃食管反流3例,余均进食良好,生长发育正常.结论 尽早诊断、及时手术,积极预防和治疗并发症,新生儿食管闭锁可取得良好的效果.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the diagnosis and treatment for congenital esophageal atresia (CEA) in neonates. Methods From June 2002 to June 2010, 61 neonates with congenital esophageal atresia underwent surgery at this center. Of these patients, 34 were boys and 27 were girls. Their age ranged from 18 hours to 7 days (mean, 2. 5 ±0. 6 days). Their weight ranged from 1500 grams to 4000 grams. Sixteen patients were very low-birth-weight infants (＜1500 g). According to the anomalies of CEA, 2 were diagnosed with type Ⅰ CEA, and the other 59 were type Ⅲ CEA (32 type Ⅲa and 27 type Ⅲb). The most common associated anomalies were cardiac anomalies (16, 26%), followed by intestinal anomalies (5, 8%) and renal anomalies (3, 5%). Results The 2 cases with type Ⅰ CEA underwent proximal drainage of esophagus and gastrostomy to stabilize their conditions. Two weeks later, they underwent the second stage surgery to replace esophagus with colon. The 59 patients with type Ⅲ CEA underwent fistulectomy and end-to-end esophagus anastomosis via thoracic approach. A stenosis in the medial-distal esophagus was found on 1 type Ⅲa CEA patients, and was repair with longitudinal incision and transverse suture. Postoperative complications included pneumonia on 42 patients (68. 8%), scleredema on 3 patients (4. 9%), mild anastomosis orifice stenosis on 24 patients (39. 3%), and anastomosis orifice fistula on 3 patients (4. 9%). One patient died of intestinal perforation 2 days after surgery. Three patients were given up including 1 developed kernicterus 1week after surgery, and the other 2 had serious pulmonary infection and couldn't be withdrawn from mechanical ventilation. The other 57 cases were discharged from hospital. The patients were followed up for 3 months to 8 years. Three patients had mild gastroesophageal reflux. The others ate and drank normally during follow-up. Conclusions Early diagnosis and carefully management of postoperative complications are important to improve clinical outcomes and prognosis of congenital esophageal atresia in neonates.     

儿童创伤性支气管断裂诊治的临床分析

目的：总结儿童创伤性支气管断裂的外科诊治经验,探讨其临床处理策略。方法：回顾性分析2014年1月至2017年1月我院收治的8例创伤性支气管断裂患儿的病历资料。本组男5例,女3例,年龄2.5～9.7岁（中位年龄6.5岁）,体质量12～30 kg（中位体质量22 kg）,右侧支气管断裂2例,左侧6例。结果：8例患儿均在胸部CT或支气管镜检查后明确诊断。本组病例均接受手术治疗,其中7例行支气管端-端吻合术,1例行右肺中叶切除、支气管袖式吻合术。本组无手术死亡,所有患儿治愈出院。门诊随访1～36个月,全组患儿无明显呼吸道症状,影像学检查显示肺膨胀良好,5例患儿随访过程中尚存在轻-中度的支气管狭窄。结论：儿童创伤患者均需警惕支气管断裂的发生,CT和纤维支气管镜检查是儿童创伤性支气管断裂最有价值的诊断方法,儿童创伤性支气管断裂无论早期或延期手术均可取得良好的治疗效果。     

中低温体外循环对婴幼儿先天性心脏病术后的肺损伤

目的 探讨中低温体外循环(CPB)对婴幼儿先天性心脏病(CHD)术后的肺损伤.方法 选择本院经CPB行CHD手术的患儿40例,分别在气管插管后10 min(T1)、转流后5 min(T2)、手术结束时(T3)、术后2 h(T4)、术后24 h(T5)采集动脉血3 mL,离心取血浆,通过酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测CHD患儿血浆炎细胞因子IL-6、IL-8水平,在T1、T3、T4测定肺功能参数:肺静态顺应性(Csmt)、氧合指数(OI)、呼吸指数(RI).CPB前后取其肺组织,光镜、电镜下观察其结构变化.结果 与术前测定值比较,CPB后IL-6、IL-8、RI均显著升高(Pa<0.05),Cstat、OI均显著降低(Pa<0.01),且致炎细胞因子与肺功能参数变化存在相关性:IL-8与RI呈正相关(r=0.585 P<0.05),与Cstat、OI均呈负相关(t=-0.413,-0.697 Pa<0.01);IL-6与OI呈负相关(r=-0.528 P<0.05),手术前后在光电镜下观察肺组织有明显病理改变:光镜下肺泡壁、毛细血管轻度充血,肺泡破坏及肺局部不张.电镜下Ⅰ型肺泡上皮细胞破坏,Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞绒毛减少,细胞内线粒体肿胀,肺泡腔内渗出,肺间隔水肿.结论 中低温CPB能明显引起婴幼儿CHD术后肺损伤,并可能与IL-6、IL-8的变化相关.     

2例婴幼儿先天性血管环的诊断和治疗

先天性血管环从心血管角度讲通常为良性的, 但其会束紧气管和/或食管, 导致气道或食道梗阻, 需要手术解除.Gross~([1])于1945年率先进行血管环手术治疗, 并提出"血管环"一词.我院2009年9-10月诊断和手术治疗先天性血管环患者2例, 现报告如下.     

儿童先天性食管裂孔疝嵌顿并胃坏疽1例

食管裂孔疝嵌顿并胃坏疽十分罕见。本文回顾1例9岁6个月女性患儿先天性食管裂孔疝嵌顿并胃坏疽的发病、诊断及治疗过程,总结该病的临床表现和诊治要点。患儿患先天性食管裂孔疝嵌顿,病情危重,胸部CT及上消化道造影可明确诊断,行胃大部切除及食管裂孔疝修补后出现食管远端出血及食管-胃连接处狭窄,早期手术解除嵌顿是降低术后并发症及病死率的关键。     

不同年龄段漏斗胸患儿手术前后胸廓的扁平程度

目的 探讨不同年龄段漏斗胸患儿手术前后胸廓扁平程度与年龄变化的关系,为临床选择恰当的手术时机提供参考依据.方法 随机选取2003年7月-2005年7月本院住院的漏斗胸患儿70例.其中1～3岁25例,>3～6岁25例,>6岁20例.均行改良Ravitch术矫治,术前和术后2 a分别摄胸部标准正侧位片,测量胸廓扁平指数.手术前后分别选择一般情况与患儿相当的无胸廓畸形儿童作为术前、术后对照组,术后另选择一般情况与患儿相当的未手术漏斗胸患儿作为未手术对照组.结果 不同年龄段对照组组间胸廓扁平指数比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);病例组术前与术前对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);病例组术前组间比较差异显著(P<0.05),且年龄越大,胸廓扁平指数越大;各病例组术后与术后对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),胸廓扁平指数未完全恢复至正常水平,但术后与未手术对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),胸廓扁平指数较术前减小,且年龄越小,术后胸廓扁平指数越小.结论 各年龄组漏斗胸患儿术前胸廓较健康同龄儿章扁平,且胸廓扁平程度随年龄增长而加重;术后2 a漏斗胸患儿胸廓扁平程度未能达到正常水平,但较同龄未手术患儿有明显改善,且手术年龄越小,术后改善越明显;漏斗胸应早期手术,最恰当的手术年龄为1～3岁.     

儿童肺隔离症伴肺结核一例

患儿,男,14岁,因"反复咳嗽2个月,加重20d"入院,患儿2个月前因受凉后出现咳嗽,初为单声咳嗽,以后转为阵发性咳嗽,夜间明显,同时患儿低热,体温波动在37.8℃～38.2℃,当地医院胸片提示左下肺片状及云絮状影,诊断为肺炎.经治疗12 d后无明显好转入住我院呼吸科,纤支镜检查为慢性气管支气管内膜炎,经呼吸科头孢西丁抗感染治疗后咳嗽、发热好转出院.出院后1个多月来门诊复查,胸部CT平扫示左侧胸腔见弧形液体密度影,左肺下叶见均匀分布的细颗粒影,并可见大片状团絮状影,提示左肺下叶病变伴胸腔积液.因CT示胸部病变遂再次入住呼吸科,经我科会诊建议行胸部增强CT及心血管三维重建检查发现胸10椎体水平降主动脉向左发出—支血管伸入左下肺病灶供血(图1),诊断肺隔离症伴炎症后转入我胸心外科.     

小儿网膜囊肿21例临床分析

目的 探讨小儿网膜囊肿临床表现及诊治要点.方法 回顾性分析1994～2007年我院经手术及病理证实21例小儿网膜囊肿临床表现、诊断及治疗资料.结果 男女比例大致相等.发病年龄3岁以内52.4%,6岁以内76.2%,10岁以内95.2%.腹胀、腹块、贫血、腹痛、呕吐是本病主要临床特点.全组入院诊断符合率38.1%,误诊为腹水待查(19.1%)、肠系膜囊肿(14.3%)及中度以上贫血待查(14.3%).CT检查57.1%,诊断符合率83.3%;腹部X线平片检查19.1%,诊断符合率25.0%;B超检查90.5%,诊断符合率78.9%.囊肿位于大网膜80.9%,小网膜19.1%.行囊肿完整切除术90.4%,囊肿大部分切除、残余与血管粘连处囊肿内表面用碘酊烧灼9.6%.结论 10岁以内儿童有腹胀、腹块、贫血表现者应警惕本病可能.B超和CT检查诊断价值高,手术治疗作为首选.近期随访疗效满意,8年随访15例(71.4%)无复发.     

儿童淋巴瘤病人贫血状况回顾性调查评估

目的本研究探讨儿童淋巴瘤病人贫血患病率、发病率及治疗模式,确定发生贫血的危险因素。方法回顾性分析318例淋巴瘤患儿的病史及随访资料,包括年龄、性别、肿瘤类型、肿瘤及贫血的治疗方式,WHO体力状态等,并以血红蛋白水平为基础进行统计检验。结果贫血患病率为52.75%。血红蛋白水平与WHO得分明显相关(P<0.001)。在调查过程中贫血发病率为38.8%,年龄越小发病率越高;仅47.3%的病人在调查过程中接受了贫血的治疗。在开始治疗时总体血红蛋白最低点水平为89g/L,与贫血有关的危险因素有初始血红蛋白水平低、女性、抵抗性疾病以及铂类药物化疗等。结论淋巴瘤病人贫血患病率及发病率高,生活质量较差,应重视其治疗及危险因素的确定。     

小儿肺吸虫性心包炎的外科治疗

目的 总结小儿肺吸虫性心包炎的外科治疗经验.方法 对我院2000年1月至2009年6月间行外科治疗的54例小儿肺吸虫性心包炎进行回顾性研究,对其临床表现、诊断方法、治疗方法及疗效进行总结.结果 诊断急性心包炎45例,行心前区心包大部切除并心包引流术,诊断缩窄性心包炎9例,行心包剥脱术.其中1例急性心包炎行心包部分切除术后心包再缩窄,再次行心包剥脱术,所有病例治愈出院,远期疗效良好.结论 小儿肺吸虫性心包炎中等量以上积液,尽早行心包部分切除能缩短病程,避免缩窄性心包炎的发生.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize our experience of surgical treatment of paragonimus pericarditis in children. Methods Between January 2000 and June 2009,54 children with paragonimus pericarditis in our hospital were treated surgically. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and effects were reviewed. Results Forty-five children were diagnosed as acute pericarditis and underwent pericardial resection (Most of the precordial pericardium) and pericardial drainage. Nine patients were diagnsed as constrictive pericarditis and underwent pericardial stripping. Of them, one patient with acute pericarditis developed re-constriction after pericardial resection and underwent repeated pericardial stripping. All 54 children were cured. The result of long term follow-up was satisfactory. Conclusions Patients with paragonimus pericarditis with moderate or severe pericardial effusion require early pericardial resection. This could shorten the course and avoided occurrence of constrictive pericarditis.