不同前列腺增生手术对男性性功能的影响

目的 研究前列腺增生症(BPH)不同手术方式对男性性功能的影响.方法 收集2007年2月～ 2014年3月本院收治的BPH接受手术治疗且有配偶的患者253例,其中单纯经尿道前列腺电切手术(TURP) 98例、经尿道前列腺气化电切(TUVP)76例、耻骨上经膀胱前列腺摘除术(SPPC) 79例,追踪患者手术前、后性功能情况,以了解不同手术方式对性功能的影响.结果 三种手术方式对患者性功能皆有不同程度的影响,其中经尿道前列腺电切手术对性功能的影响最小.结论 TURP为对性功能影响最小的前列腺增生症最佳手术方式.     

分化抑制蛋白-1在套细胞淋巴瘤中的表达及预后关系

目的 探讨分化抑制蛋白-1(Inhibitor of differentiation-1,Id1)在套细胞淋巴瘤患者中的表达情况及其临床意义.方法 采用SP免疫组化法检测并分析45例套细胞淋巴瘤和20例淋巴结反应性增生淋巴结组织中Id1表达水平,以及Id1的表达与其临床预后指标的关系.结果 Id1在套细胞淋巴瘤和淋巴结反应性增生淋巴结组织中阴性、弱阳性和强阳性的表达率分别是15.56％,31.11％,53.33％和65.00％,25.00％,10.00％(P＜0.05).套细胞淋巴瘤组织中Id1阳性表达与患者LDH、临床分期、结外累及部位和近期疗效有关(P均＜0.05);年龄、性别、WBC计数、PLT计数、HB含量无相关(P均＞0.05).经过Log-rank检验显示,Id1低表达组和Id1高表达组的1年生存率分别是90.48％和79.17％ (P ＞0.05);3年生存率分别是66.67％和33.33％(P＜0.05);5年生存率分别是47.62％和16.67％ (P ＜0.05),Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示Id1高表达组3年、5年生存率低于Id1低表达组(P＜0.05).结论 Id1在套细胞淋巴瘤淋巴结中呈高表达,并与部分预后相关指标有关,Id1高表达组表现出低生存率,Id1可能成为套细胞淋巴瘤预后不良的评价指标.     

A review of oral food challenges in children presenting to a single tertiary centre with perceived or true food allergies

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of perceived food allergies exceeds that of true food allergies. Unnecessary food avoidance may increase parental and patient anxiety, reduce quality of life and increase the risk of nutritional deficiency. An oral food challenge (OFC) can provide an objective measure regarding the presence or absence of food allergies in a child. This study reviews the indications for and outcomes of OFCs performed on children.

METHODS

A retrospective review was performed on all children who underwent OFCs at the Allergy Unit of the National University Hospital, Singapore, over a three-year period.

RESULTS

A total of 197 OFCs were performed among 58 patients (34 male, 24 female). Most of the tests were for allergies to tree nuts (n = 107). Among the OFCs, 43.1% were for foods that were avoided and never eaten due to perceived food allergies, 25.9% were for foods that had previously resulted in positive skin prick tests (SPTs) and/or immunoassay results, 16.2% were for foods thought to worsen eczema and 14.7% were for foods thought to have caused a previous reaction. Of all the OFCs, 5% were positive, although adverse reactions were mostly cutaneous. Challenge-positive patients had either positive SPTs (wheal > 3 mm) or raised serum immunoglobulin E levels to specific foods that they reacted to during the challenges. No episodes of anaphylaxis were reported after the challenge. Most of the patients were able to safely introduce the avoided foods into their diets.

CONCLUSION

OFCs provide an objective assessment for suspected food allergies.     

Ministry of Health Clinical Practice Guidelines: Anxiety Disorders

The Ministry of Health (MOH) has developed the clinical practice guidelines on Anxiety Disorders to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based treatment for anxiety disorders. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on anxiety disorders, for the information of SMJ readers. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website: http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/healthprofessionalsportal/doctors/guidelines/cpg_medical.html. The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.

1.1 Background information

Anxiety disorders are known to be one of the most prevalent of psychiatric conditions, yet they often remain under-diagnosed and under-treated. Their chronic, disabling symptoms cause considerable burden not only to sufferers but also to their families, and contribute to poorer quality of life and considerable economic burden on society.In many instances, there is a delay in seeking treatment and in some cases such delay may stretch up to nearly ten years. This may result from ignorance of the condition, fear of taking medications, and the stigma of receiving a psychiatric diagnosis, and or having to accept psychiatric treatment.The anxiety disorders include panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. In the clinical evaluation of anxiety disorders, it is important to ascertain the type of anxiety disorder present. This would allow treatment to be targeted at the specific type of disorder.These guidelines are developed to provide practical, evidence-based recommendations to primary care physicians and specialists in psychiatry for the diagnosis and management of the anxiety disorders.The first edition of the guidelines was published in 2003. In this edition, we present data from newer research as well as older data not previously reported in the earlier guidelines.For example, we examine the efficacy of combining medications with psychological therapy over medications alone, or psychological therapy alone. In view of the majority of anxiety sufferers being female we have made recommendations for pharmacotherapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding. As these guidelines are intended for use in the Singapore context, we have omitted treatments that are currently not available in Singapore.

1.2 Aim

These guidelines are developed to facilitate the diagnosis and assessment of the anxiety disorders, and to ensure that their management is appropriate and effective.

1.3 Scope

These guidelines will cover the management of anxiety disorders in adults and address the issues of medication use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

1.4 Target group

The content of the guidelines will be useful for all doctors treating patients with anxiety disorders. Efforts have been made to ensure that the guidelines are particularly useful for primary care physicians and specialists in psychiatry, including all those involved in the assessment and management of patients with anxiety disorders in the community. The doctor treating the patient is ultimately responsible for clinical decisions made after reviewing the individual patient’s history, clinical presentation and treatment options available.

1.5 Development of guidelines

These guidelines have been produced by a committee of psychiatrists, a clinical psychologist, pharmacist, patient representative, and family practitioners appointed by the Ministry of Health. They were developed by revising the existing guidelines, reviewing relevant literature, including overseas clinical practice guidelines, and by expert clinical consensus of professionals with experience in treating patients in the local setting.The following principles underlie the development of these guidelines:

• Treatment recommendations are supported by scientific evidence whenever possible (randomised controlled clinical trials represent the highest level of evidence) and expert clinical consensus is used when such data are lacking.
• Treatment should maximise therapeutic benefits and minimise side effects.

1.6 What’s new in the revised guidelines

This edition of the guidelines contains updated recommendations based on latest evidence, as well as detailed discussions and recommendations on the management of anxiety disorders in adult populations.The following represent changes to the revised guidelines

• An extensive review of the literature, including new evidence. This involved the re-writing and extensive revision of the chapters.
• Length of treatment, which provides answers to a pertinent question.
• Use of medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Given that females are more likely to be at risk of being diagnosed with anxiety disorders, this is an important subject.

We are aware that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) was released in 2013. In DSM-5, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder have been removed and classified separately from the rest of the anxiety disorders. If we were to adhere strictly to DSM-5, this would entail omitting discussion on post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. As it is our aim to provide an update on the 2003 guidelines, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder have been included in this edition of the guidelines.In addition, anxiety conditions in children are included in DSM-5. Since the present guidelines are meant to address only adult anxiety disorders, guidelines on children’s anxiety conditions are not included here.Hence, for purposes of these guidelines, we will continue to use classifications based on the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) and DSM-IV-TR criteria.

1.7 Review of guidelines

Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines are only as current as the evidence that supports them. Users must keep in mind that new evidence could supersede recommendations in these guidelines. The workgroup advises that these guidelines be scheduled for review five years after publication, or when new evidence appears that requires substantive changes to the present recommendations.     

Intramuscular schwannoma: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features

INTRODUCTION

Schwannomas that arise within the muscle plane are called intramuscular schwannomas. The low incidence of these tumours and the lack of specific clinical features make preoperative diagnosis difficult. Herein, we report our experience with intramuscular schwannomas. We present details of the clinical presentation, radiological diagnosis and management of these tumours.

METHODS

Between January 2011 and December 2013, 29 patients were diagnosed and treated for histologically proven schwannoma at the National University Hospital, Singapore. Among these 29 patients, eight (five male, three female) had intramuscular schwannomas.

RESULTS

The mean age of the eight patients was 40 (range 27–57) years. The most common presenting feature was a palpable mass. The mean interval between surgical treatment and the onset of clinical symptoms was 17.1 (range 4–72) months. Six of the eight tumours (75.0%) were located in the lower limb, while 2 (25.0%) were located in the upper limb. None of the patients had any preoperative neurological deficits. Tinel’s sign was present in one patient. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed that the findings of split-fat sign, low signal margin and fascicular sign were present in all patients. The entry and exit sign was observed in 4 (50.0%) patients, a hyperintense rim was observed in 7 (87.5%) patients and the target sign was observed in 5 (62.5%) patients. All patients underwent microsurgical excision of the tumour and none developed any postoperative neurological deficits.

CONCLUSION

Intramuscular schwannomas demonstrate the findings of split-fat sign, low signal margin and fascicular sign on MR imaging. These findings are useful for the radiological diagnosis of intramuscular schwannoma.     

基于胰岛自身抗体阳性与否和有无胰岛?茁细胞功能残存的Aβ方案在酮症倾向糖尿病临床分型中的应用

目的：探讨基于胰岛自身抗体阳性与否和有无胰岛?茁细胞功能残存的Aβ方案（共有4种组合即A+β+,A+β-,A-β+,A-β-）分型的4种酮症倾向糖尿病（ketosis-prone diabetes,KPD）的临床特点,进一步为KPD的治疗提供临床依据。方法：纳入2000至2010年四川大学华西医院无诱因的自发性酮症或酮症酸中毒住院的初诊糖尿病患者为研究对象,测定其胰岛细胞抗体、胰岛素抗体和谷胺酸脱羧酶抗体。采用空腹C肽评估β细胞功能。结果：共收集134例患者,各组异质性较大,四组患者在体质指数（body mass index,BMI）、腰臀比（waist and hip circumference ratio,WHR）、血糖、糖化血红蛋白（glycosylated hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c）及甘油三脂（triglyceride,TG）方面差异存在统计学意义（BMI：P=0.000;WHR：P=0.026;血糖：P=0.009;HbA1c：P=0.001;TG：P=0.044）。两两比较各组之间指标发现A-β+组患者与A-β-组患者之间差异最为明显,前者入院血糖及HbA1c低于A-β-组患者（血糖：P=0.036;HbA1c：P=0.010）,但BMI、WHR和TG水平明显高于后者（BMI：P=0.005;WHR：P=0.004;TG：P=0.015）。结论：KPD 临床特点不同,自身免疫抗体和胰岛β细胞功能差异显著,提示基于胰岛自身抗体阳性与否和有无胰岛β细胞功能残存的Aβ方案可进一步为KPD的治疗提供临床依据。     

动脉期明显强化的肝脏病变CT表现分析

目的:探讨在螺旋CT增强扫描动脉期明显强化的肝脏病变CT表现,分析并总结各自的特征性。方法:回顾性分析80例在增强CT图像上显示动脉期明显强化的肝脏病变的CT表现,全部病例均经手术及病理证实。结果:大部分病变动脉期强化具有特征性:中央瘢痕见于肝局灶性增生(focal nodular hyperplasia,FNH)、肝癌及肝血管瘤,钙化多见于纤维板层样肝癌;动态强化方式"快进快出"的不均匀强化支持肝癌,"快进慢出"强化方式支持血管瘤的诊断,"牛眼征"支持肝转移瘤等;结合其他期CT的表现大多能准确的定性诊断。结论:肝脏病变的动脉期强化特性结合其他期CT表现对病变的定性诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

蛋白磷酸酶2A的癌性抑制因子表达对喉癌细胞株Hep-2增殖的影响及相关机制研究

目的:研究蛋白磷酸酶2A的癌性抑制因子(cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A,CIP2A)表达对喉癌细胞株Hep-2增殖的影响及相关分子机制。方法:以特异性si RNA和阴性对照序列转染喉癌Hep-2细胞,实验分为CIP2A si RNA组与Control si RNA组。平板克隆形成实验检测CIP2A在喉癌细胞增殖中的作用;MTT法检测CIP2A对细胞生长曲线及顺铂敏感性影响;流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布和凋亡率的改变。real-time PCR检测CIP2A m RNA表达水平,Western blot检测CIP2A及生长相关蛋白c-myc、AKT、p-AKT、cyclin D1的蛋白表达水平。结果:沉默CIP2A后,CIP2A在基因及蛋白水平的表达量明显降低,Hep-2细胞生长减缓,克隆的形成被抑制,Control si RNA组为339.00±34.00,CIP2A si RNA组为126.00±33.00,差异有统计学意义(t=-7.796,P=0.010);沉默CIP2A可增加喉癌细胞对顺铂的敏感性,Control si RNA组IC50为(6.67±0.54)μg/ml,CIP2A si RNA组为(3.53±0.32)μg/ml,差异有统计学意义(t=8.598,P=0.001);细胞周期阻滞于G1期,Control si RNA组G1期细胞比例为66.860±1.972,CIP2A si RNA组为74.613±3.357,差异有统计学意义(t=3.449,P=0.026);S期细胞比例减少,Control si RNA组为23.713±1.564,CIP2A si RNA组为17.747±1.255,差异有统计学意义(t=-5.153,P=0.007);沉默CIP2A没有引起细胞凋亡率的变化(P=0.216)。Western blot结果显示,沉默CIP2A表达可下调Cyclin D1(t=-4.531,P=0.011)、c-myc(t=-4.522,P=0.011)、pAKT(t=-4.574,P=0.010)的表达,但对总AKT蛋白的表达没有影响(t=0.051,P=0.962)。结论:沉默CIP2A基因可抑制喉癌Hep-2细胞生长,增加喉癌细胞对顺铂的敏感性,其机制可能与下调c-myc、p-AKT、cyclin D1的表达有关。     

Footprint Mismatch of Cervical Disc Prostheses with Chinese Cervical Anatomic Dimensions

Background:The footprint of most prostheses is designed according to Caucasian data.Total disc replacement (TDR) has been performed widely for cervical degenerative diseases in China.It is essential to...