Pharmacological modification of tremor and enhanced acoustic startle by chlordecone and p,p′-DDT

Pretreatment of rats with phenoxybenzamine (5 mg/kg; SC), an alpha adrenergic antagonist, decreased the peak tremor power and startle magnitude of rats subsequently given DDT (75 mg/kg; PO) or chlordecone (60 mg/kg; IP), without having a significant effect on control animals. Pretreatment with an intracerebroventricular injection of calcium (3.75 M in 5 l NaCl) decreased the peak tremor power due to subsequently administered DDT, while increasing the tremor response in rats later dosed with chlordecone. The effects of phenoxybenzamine are postulated to be due to a blockade of an excitatory influence of the adrenergic system. Calcium may decrease DDT-induced tremor by acting as a neuronal stabilizer. Potentiation of the tremorigenic effect of chlordecone by calcium may be due to increased levels of intracellular calcium, resulting in augmented release of neurotransmitters in chlordecone-exposed animals.     

Transfer of 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl),1,1,1-trichloroethane (p,p′-DDT) from maternal to newborn and suckling rats

Pregnant rats were given a small dose of ¹⁴C-2,4,5,2,4,5-hexachloro-biphenyl (HCB) and ³H-DDT intraperitoneally. The transfer of HCB and DDT through the placenta and milk was then investigated. Transfer through the placenta was 2.7 and 1.5% (respectively) of the initial doses; transfer through milk was 39.2 and 21.5%. HCB is obviously more transferable than DDT through the placenta and milk, the ratio of the amount of HCB transferred through milk to the amount transferred through the placenta agrees with that for DDT.Concentrations of HCB and DDT in the whole suckling rat increases rapidly and is similar to the sigmoidal growth curve and change in lipid concentration. Therefore, the concentrations of the chemicals in the maternal tissue generally decrease in comparison with those of nonpregnant rats.     

中药制草乌中重金属、六六六及滴滴涕含量分析

目的:通过对制草乌进行重金属、六六六及滴滴涕的含量分析,了解制草乌中重金属、六六六及滴滴涕含量的情况,为质量标准的制定提供依据.方法:按食品检验标准方法,分别用原子吸收分光光度计和原子荧光分光光度计对制草乌进行铅与镉、砷与汞等重金属测定;采用毛细管气相色谱测定六六六、滴滴涕含量.结果:制草乌中汞、六六六及滴滴涕的含量符合汞≤0.2 mg·kg-1、BHC≤0.1 mg·kg-1、DDT≤0.1 mg·kg-1的规定;重金属铅、镉、砷含量不符合铅≤5.0mg·kg-1、镉≤0.3 mg·kg-1、砷≤2.0 mg·kg-1的规定,10个样品中有7个样品铅含量偏高、有5个样品镉含量偏高、有8个样品砷含量偏高.结论:重金属铅、镉、砷含量偏高;汞、六六六、滴滴涕含量正常.     

2000年中国总膳食样品中六六六和滴滴涕污染的溯源性分析

通过对 2 0 0 0年总膳食样品中有机氯农药残留分析 ,发现南方二区和北方一区水产类样品六六六高残留。由两个地区分省的聚类样品溯源分析 ,结果发现湖北省鳊鱼六六六含量为 4 0 0 6 0 μg kg ,为南方二区水产类六六六含量的 88 8% ,黑龙江省鲤鱼六六六含量为 6 30 96 μg kg,为北方一区水产类六六六含量的90 3% ,这是造成两个地区水产类六六六高残留的主要原因。由六六六异构体构成比例及GC MS的确证分析提示 ,两个地区的水产类样品受到林丹的污染。本研究表明我国某些地区存在违规使用林丹的现象。为保证我国居民膳食安全性 ,加强六六六和滴滴涕残留监测仍是我国食品安全领域的长期任务     

In utero DDT exposure and breast density before age 50

Prior studies in the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS) found in utero exposure to the pesticide, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), increased breast cancer risk by age 52. Mammographic density is considered a primary risk factor for breast cancer. We conducted a study of 309 daughters from the CHDS to examine in utero DDT exposure and mammographic density in midlife. Among daughters with high (>75th percentile) exposure to p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), p,p’-DDT was significantly correlated with increased dense area and percent density regardless of her body mass in midlife. In the subset of women with lower (<75th percentile) p,p-DDE, p,p’-DDT was associated with increased non-dense breast area. This was explained by adjustment for midlife BMI suggesting that p,p’-DDT may be obesogenic. In aggregate our findings indicate that early life p,p’-DDT exposure impacts breast density in a complex way that depends on the hosts biological ability to sequester and process DDT and levels of exposure.     

Cryptorchidism and endocrine disrupting chemicals

Prospective clinical studies have suggested that the rate of congenital cryptorchidism has increased since the 1950s. It has been hypothesized that this may be related to environmental factors. Testicular descent occurs in two phases controlled by Leydig cell-derived hormones insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and testosterone. Disorders in fetal androgen production/action or suppression of Insl3 are mechanisms causing cryptorchidism in rodents. In humans, prenatal exposure to potent estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) has been associated with increased risk of cryptorchidism. In addition, epidemiological studies have suggested that exposure to pesticides may also be associated with cryptorchidism. Some case-control studies analyzing environmental chemical levels in maternal breast milk samples have reported associations between cryptorchidism and chemical levels. Furthermore, it has been suggested that exposure levels of some chemicals may be associated with infant reproductive hormone levels.     

Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals

In recent years, many studies of thyroid-disrupting effects of environmental chemicals have been published. Of special concern is the exposure of pregnant women and infants, as thyroid disruption of the developing organism may have deleterious effects on neurological outcome. Chemicals may exert thyroid effects through a variety of mechanisms of action, and some animal experiments and in vitro studies have focused on elucidating the mode of action of specific chemical compounds. Long-term human studies on effects of environmental chemicals on thyroid related outcomes such as growth and development are still lacking. The human exposure scenario with life long exposure to a vast mixture of chemicals in low doses and the large physiological variation in thyroid hormone levels between individuals render human studies very difficult. However, there is now reasonably firm evidence that PCBs have thyroid-disrupting effects, and there is emerging evidence that also phthalates, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals may have thyroid disrupting properties.     

中华按蚊对杀虫剂敏感性调查

目的分析河南省疟疾媒介中华按蚊对DDT、氟氯氰菊酯、马拉硫磷和溴氰菊酯的敏感性,为制定疟疾媒介防制对策提供依据。方法2009年6月在河南省桐柏县、淮滨县和永城市3个县(市)现场分别捕获吸血后中华按蚊成蚊417、421和433只,采用WHO推荐的成蚊滤纸接触法进行检测,计算中华按蚊分别接触4%DDT(1.428g/m2),0.15%氟氯氰菊酯(0.0 534 g/m2),5%马拉硫磷(1.78 g/m2)和0.05%溴氰菊酯(0.0 178 g/m2)的半数击倒时间(KT50)和24 h后死亡率。根据死亡率判定抗性级别,死亡率98%～100%为敏感群体(S级),80%～97%为初步抗性群体(M级),80%以下为抗性群体(R级)。结果桐柏县、淮滨县和永城市3个县(市)中华按蚊接触DDT的KT50分别为206.13、877.04和826.81 min;接触氟氯氢菊酯的KT50分别为206.43、85.39和427.60 min;接触马拉硫磷的KT50分别为19.98、48.05和97.79 min;接触溴氰菊酯的KT50分别为1122.50、89.65和960 min。接触4%DDT 24 h死亡率分别为82.52%、57.41%和65.69%,抗性级别分别为M、R和R级;接触0.15%氟氯氰菊酯24 h死亡率分别为91.89%、85.00%和72.73%,抗性级别分别为M、M和R级;接触5%马拉硫磷24h死亡率分别为95.10%、95.37%和93.16%,抗性级别均为M级;接触0.05%溴氰菊酯24h死亡率分别为92.08%、77.14%和63.46%,抗性级别分别为M、R和R级。结论河南省中华按蚊对DDT、氟氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯已产生较强抗性,对马拉硫磷产生初步抗性。     

Malaria Control and Elimination,Venezuela, 1800s–1970s

Venezuela had the highest number of human malaria cases in Latin American before 1936. During 1891–1920, malaria was endemic to >600,000 km² of this country; malaria death rates led to major population decreases during 1891–1920. No pathogen, including the influenza virus that caused the 1918 pandemic, caused more deaths than malaria during 1905–1945. Early reports of malaria eradication in Venezuela helped spark the world’s interest in global eradication. We describe early approaches to malaria epidemiology in Venezuela and how this country developed an efficient control program and an approach to eradication. Arnoldo Gabaldón was a key policy maker during this development process. He directed malaria control in Venezuela from the late 1930s to the end of the 1970s and contributed to malaria program planning of the World Health Organization. We discuss how his efforts helped reduce the incidence of malaria in Venezuela and how his approach diverged from World Health Organization guidelines.     

生姜中六六六、滴滴涕、三氯杀螨醇的CARB／NH2固相萃取柱-气相色谱测定法

目的建立CARR／NH2固相萃取柱前处理,气相色谱法测定生姜中六六六、滴滴涕、三氯杀螨醇的方法。方法样品切碎用乙腈提取、脱水、浓缩,CARB／NH：固相萃取柱净化,最后氮吹定容采用ECD检测器测定。结果该方法能很好地将4种六六六异构体、4种滴滴涕异构体和三氯杀螨醇分离开,各类同分异构体的加标回收率在85．7％-104．2％之间,相对测量不确定度小于10％,最低检出量为0．01ng。结论该方法能同时测定生姜中六六六、滴滴涕和三氯杀螨醇残留量,有较高的回收率。