Gender,race and socioeconomic influence on diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Thyroid diseases are common, and use of levothyroxine is increasing worldwide. We investigated the influence of gender, race and socioeconomic status on the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders using data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a multicenter cohort study of civil servants (35-74 years of age) from six Brazilian cities. Diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction was by thyrotropin (TSH), and free thyroxine (FT4) if TSH was altered, and the use of specific medications. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed using overt hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism and levothyroxine use as dependent variables and sociodemographic characteristics as independent variables. The frequencies of overt hyper- and hypothyroidism were 0.7 and 7.4%, respectively. Using whites as the reference ethnicity, brown, and black race were protective for overt hypothyroidism (OR=0.76, 95%CI=0.64-0.89, and OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.43-0.67, respectively, and black race was associated with overt hyperthyroidism (OR=1.82, 95%CI=1.06-3.11). Frequency of hypothyroidism treatment was higher in women, browns, highly educated participants and those with high net family incomes. After multivariate adjustment, levothyroxine use was associated with female gender (OR=6.06, 95%CI=3.19-11.49) and high net family income (OR=3.23, 95%CI=1.02-10.23). Frequency of hyperthyroidism treatment was higher in older than in younger individuals. Sociodemographic factors strongly influenced the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders, including the use of levothyroxine.     

Hypothyroidism and levothyroxine therapy following bariatric surgery: a systematic review,meta-analysis,network meta-analysis,and meta-regression

BackgroundMany health benefits of bariatric surgery are known and well-studied, but there is scarce data on the benefits of bariatric surgery on the thyroid function.ObjectiveWe aimed to make a meta-analysis regarding the impact of bariatric surgery on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, levothyroxine dose, and the status of subclinical hypothyroidism.SettingSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched up to December 2020 for relevant clinical studies. Random-effects model was used to pool results. Network meta-analysis was performed, incorporating direct and indirect comparisons among different types of bariatric surgery. Meta-regression analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of moderator variables on TSH levels and required levothyroxine dose after surgery. We followed the PRISMA guidelines for data selection and extraction. PROSPERO registry number: CRD42018105739.ResultsA total of 28 studies involving 1284 patients were included. There was a statistically significant decrease in TSH levels after bariatric surgery (mean difference = ?1.66 mU/L, 95%CI [?2.29, ?1.03], P < .0001). In meta-regression analysis, we found that the following moderator variables: length of follow-up, mean age, baseline TSH, and preoperative thyroid function, could explain 1%, 43%, 68%, and 88% of the between-study variance, respectively. Furthermore, subclinical hypothyroidism was completely resolved in 87% of patients following bariatric surgery. In addition, there was a statistically significant decrease of levothyroxine dose in frank hypothyroid patients following bariatric surgery (mean difference = ?13.20 mcg/d, 95%CI [?19.69, ?6.71]). In network meta-analysis, we found that discontinuing or decreasing levothyroxine dose was significant following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 1 anastomosis gastric bypass, and sleeve gastrectomy, (OR = 31.02, 95%CI [10.34, 93.08]), (OR = 41.73, 95%CI [2.04, 854.69]), (OR = 104.03, 95%CI [35.79, 302.38]), respectively.ConclusionsBased on our meta-analysis, bariatric surgery is associated with the resolution of subclinical hypothyroidism, a decrease in TSH levels, and a decrease in levothyroxine dose.     

左甲状腺素钠片治疗妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退症孕妇的疗效及对妊娠结局的影响

【摘要】 目的 观察左甲状腺素钠片治疗甲状腺抗体阴性妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退症（SCH）孕妇的疗效及其对妊娠结局的影响。方法 回顾性分析邛崃市医疗中心医院妇产科2016年7月~2018年7月间妊娠合并甲状腺过氧化物抗体（TPOAb）与甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TgAb）阴性SCH孕妇的病例,从确诊后采用左甲状腺素钠片治疗以及确诊后不予以治疗的孕妇中各随机抽取50例病例资料,分别纳入SCH治疗组和SCH未治疗组;另抽取同时间段在我院行体检的50例正常健康孕妇的病例资料列为健康对照组。比较SCH治疗组治疗前、治疗4周后,与健康对照组患者的血清叶酸水平、甲状腺功能相关指标［血清促甲状腺素（TSH）、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）］水平,分析三组孕妇妊娠结局（顺产率、早产、流产、宫内窘迫、胎儿畸形发生率）、新生儿甲状腺功能指标（TSH、FT3、FT4）水平及身长、体重、1min 新生儿评分（Apgar）差异。结果 治疗4周后,SCH治疗组血清叶酸水平较治疗前明显升高（P均＜005）,但低于健康对照组（P均＜005）;血清TSH较治疗前明显降低（P＜005）,但高于健康对照组（P＜005）;血清FT3、FT4较同组治疗前及健康对照组差异均无统计学意义（P均＞005）。SCH治疗组顺产率、新生儿体重均明显高于SCH未治疗组（P均＜005）,早产、流产发生率、血清TSH水平均明显低于SCH未治疗组（P均＜005）,且以上指标与健康对照组差异均无统计学意义（P均＞005）。三组宫内窘迫、胎儿畸形发生率及新生儿身长、Apgar评分、血清FT3、FT4水平差异均无统计学意义（P均＞005）。结论 左甲状腺素钠片用于妊娠期SCH患者的治疗,可调节孕妇甲状腺功能并改善妊娠结局,利于胎儿的健康成长和发育。     

甲状腺癌术后妊娠期甲状腺素水平的调控

目的分析甲状腺癌术后妊娠期甲状腺素水平的调控过程，旨在降低母体甲状腺功能减退继发的胎儿异常发生率。方法回顾性分析20例甲状腺癌术后妊娠妇女甲状腺激素水平的调控过程，通过每月监测其甲状腺功能，了解左旋甲状腺激素（优甲乐）增加剂量和目标TSH水平。结果20例妊娠妇女孕21次，1例妊娠2次，第1次孕早期流产，20例优甲乐的基础剂量均为100μg，以12．5μg为调整增量，目标TSH水平设为0．10—0．25mU／ml。20例优甲乐剂量平均增加50μg，即增加了基础剂量的50％。在孕16周左右TSH水平达到平衡，直至分娩。所有胎儿均健康，发育良好；所有20位妇女产后均规律随访，时间平均5年（6个月～10年），无复发。结论甲状腺癌术后妊娠，应定期监测甲状腺功能，优甲乐以12．5μg为调整剂量，将母体TSH水平控制在0．10—0．25mU／ml，既保证胎儿健康发育，又抑制母体肿瘤生长。     

Thyroid hormonal profile in elderly patients treated with two different levothyroxine formulations: A single institute survey

PurposeRecent evidences suggest that, despite the large use of levothyroxine (L-T4), up to 40% of patients are over-treated developing sub-clinical hyperthyroidism. We compared TSH, fT4 and fT3 serum levels of elderly patients in treatment with liquid and tablet L-T4 formulations over a period of time of five years.SubjectsPatients were recruited by searching the database of those treated and followed at the Thyroid Unit of the University of Brescia.ResultsTwo hundred and ninety-nine patients (251 females, 48 males) were treated with L-T4 in tablet form (group T) and 118 subjects (107 female, 11 male) with liquid LT4 (group L). The two groups were super-imposable by age, median L-T4 dosage, TSH, fT4 and fT3 values. A slightly but not significantly higher BMI value was observed among patients of group L over those of group T (26.9 ± 2.9 vs. 26.4 ± 2.1 kg/cm², respectively). During five years of LT-4 treatment, sub-clinical or over-hypothyroidism was found in 13 (4.3%) and 3 (2.5%) patients of group T and group L (P = 0.335), whereas, subclinical or clinical hyperthyroidism was significantly more frequent among patients of group T than those of group L [69 (23%) vs. 5 (4.2%) patients, (P = 0.0001)]. Logistic regression analysis showed that only the Tablets were associated with the risk of developing subclinical or hyperthyroidism [OR 2·354 (1·136–4·827), P = 0.021].ConclusionsWe show a greater stability in the thyroid profile of hypothyroid elderly patients in treatment with liquid thyroxine as opposed to those being treated by tablet formulation over five years of follow-up.     

孕12周前亚甲减的治疗对妊娠结局及12月龄子代发育的影响

目的 探讨孕12周前亚甲减的治疗对妊娠结局及12月龄子代发育的影响。方法 选取2016年6月～2017年12月在宁波城区妇幼保健门诊进行初次产检建册的<12周的单胎孕妇。产前：将被诊断为亚甲减的孕妇随机分为治疗组（217例）和观察组（152例）,治疗组给予L-T4治疗。同期无异常孕妇为对照组（8001例）,比较各组妊娠结局。产后：亚甲减的孕妇中无其他合并症并足月分娩的子代作为（子代）治疗组（136例）和（子代）观察组（93例）,对照组中随机抽取无合并症且足月分娩的子代作为（子代）对照组（186例）。分析各组体格及智能发育情况。结果 观察组早产率及糖尿病患病率高于对照组及治疗组（P<0.05）;三组的足月小样儿、流产或死胎、出生缺陷发生率及妊娠期高血压、围产儿先天性心脏病发病率无差异（P>0.05）。（子代）观察组新生儿体重低于（子代）对照组和（子代）治疗组（P<0.05）;12月龄时（子代）观察组身高低于（子代）对照组和（子代）治疗组（P<0.05）,三组体重无统计学差异（P>0.05）。三组发育商构成比有统计学差异（P<0.05）;大运动及语言：（子代）对照组高于（子代）治疗组及（子代）观察组（P<0.05）;精细动作：（子代）观察组低于（子代）对照组和（子代）治疗组（P<0.05）。结论 孕早期亚临床甲减会增加早产及糖尿病风险,影响新生儿出生体重、12月龄时体格及某些方面智能发育,早期治疗可改善上述状况。     

Levothyroxine Dosage Is Associated with Stability of Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Values

Objective

In patients treated for hypothyroidism, the usual practice is to monitor thyroid-stimulating hormone values yearly once a therapeutic dosage of levothyroxine is determined. This study investigates whether there are any clinical predictors that could identify a subset of patients who might be monitored safely on a less frequent basis.

Methods

With the use of a retrospective study design, 715 patients treated for hypothyroidism who had a normal (ie, therapeutic) thyroid-stimulating hormone value in 2006 while taking levothyroxine were identified. All thyroid-stimulating hormone values were then obtained through December 31, 2012. By using a Cox proportional hazard model, gender, age, body mass index, history of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, initial thyroid-stimulating hormone level, and levothyroxine dose were analyzed for time to first abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone value.

Results

Age, gender, history of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, and body mass index at the time of initial normal thyroid-stimulating hormone were not associated significantly with time to abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone value. Levothyroxine dose >125 μg/day had an increased hazard ratio of 2.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.7-3.4; P < .0001) for time to first follow-up abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone value, but dosages less than that did not increase the hazard ratio. One year after the initial normal thyroid-stimulating hormone value, 91.1% of patients taking ≤125 μg/day had a continued normal thyroid-stimulating hormone, whereas only 73.3% of patients taking >125 μg/day did. Transformed thyroid-stimulating hormone value (which represents a measure of how far the initial thyroid-stimulating hormone was from the midpoint of the normal range) also had an increased hazard ratio of 1.14 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.2; P < .0001) for time to first abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone value.

Conclusions

For patients receiving ≤125 μg/day of levothyroxine, we propose that a testing interval up to 2 years may be acceptable if their thyroid-stimulating hormone is well within the normal range.     

金水宝胶囊联合左甲状腺素治疗桥本甲状腺炎的临床研究

目的探讨金水宝胶囊联合左甲状腺素钠片治疗桥本甲状腺炎的临床疗效。方法选取2015年5月—2017年5月上海市闵行区中心医院收治的70例桥本甲状腺炎患者为研究对象,所有患者按照随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组,每组各35例。对照组口服左甲状腺素钠片,起始剂量为25～50μg,1次/d,根据甲状腺功能情况调整用量,维持剂量为25～150μg,1次/d。治疗组在对照组基础上口服金水宝胶囊,3粒/次,3次/d。两组患者均治疗24周。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组的甲状腺激素、抗体水平和血清炎症因子水平。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为71.43%、85.71%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组游离三碘状腺素(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)水平均显著升高,促甲状腺素(TSH)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)水平均显著降低,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);并且治疗后治疗组FT3、FT4水平均显著高于对照组,TSH、TPOAb、TGAb水平均显著低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)水平均明显降低,白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平均明显升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗后治疗组CRP、TNF-α、IL-2水平均明显低于对照组,IL-10水平明显高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论金水宝胶囊联合左甲状腺素钠片治疗桥本甲状腺炎具有较好的临床疗效,可改善患者甲状腺功能,调节血清炎症因子水平,安全性较好,具有一定临床应用价值。     

左旋甲状腺素和维生素E干预对甲状腺功能减退大鼠心肌氧化应激和细胞凋亡的影响

目的 通过研究左旋甲状腺素(LT4)、维生素E(VitE)及二者联合治疗对甲状腺功能减退(甲减)大鼠氧化应激及心肌细胞凋亡的影响,进一步探讨甲减心肌损伤的发生机制及其治疗方法.方法 将SD雄性大鼠分为正常对照组、丙基硫氧嘧啶组(PTU)、LT4治疗组(PTU +LT4)、VitE治疗组(PTU+VitE)、LT4和VitE联合治疗组(PTU+LT4 +VitE).测定血清T3、T4、TSH水平以及血清、心肌组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛含量;用TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡指数.结果 (1)与正常对照组比较,PTU组、PTU+VitE组T3、T4水平明显降低,TSH显著升高(P＜0.05);与PTU组比较,PTU+LT4组、PTU+LT4 +VitE组T3、T4水平明显升高,TSH显著降低(P＜0.05);PTU组与PTU+VitE组T3、T4、TSH水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)与正常对照组比较,PTU组血清及心肌组织丙二醛含量显著升高(P＜0.05),其他各组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与正常对照组比较,PTU组血清SOD活性显著降低(P＜0.05),但心肌组织SOD活性各组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)与正常对照组比较,PTU组、PTU+VitE组心肌细胞凋亡显著升高(P＜0.05);与PTU组比较PTU+LT4组、PTU+ LT4+ VitE组凋亡显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 LT4、VitE及二者联合治疗可降低甲减大鼠心肌细胞凋亡,其机制可能与甲状腺功能改善和氧化应激水平降低有关.     

左甲状腺素对甲状腺功能减退症患者妊娠结局和甲状腺素、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸、抗甲状腺过氧化物酶的影响

目的:研究不同剂量左甲状腺素对妊娠期甲状腺功能减退症患者妊娠结局和甲状腺素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、抗甲状腺过氧化物酶(TPOAb)的影响.方法:选取天津北大医疗海洋石油医院2018年6月至2020年1月收治的98例妊娠期甲状腺功能减退症患者,分为对照组和试验组,各49例.两组患者均根据血清TSH值给...