后十字韧带重建后移植物组织学与胶原表型的变化

目的探讨采用半腱肌腱重建后十字韧带（posterior cruciate ligament,PCL）后移植物的组织学与胶原表型的变化.方法取20只成年新西兰大白兔,实验组18只切除右膝PCL后即刻用双股自体半腱肌腱重建,实验组于术后3、6、52周各处死动物2只,12、26周各处死动物6只,切取半腱肌腱移植物;对照组2只直接切取半腱肌腱和PCL.标本采用HE、甲苯胺蓝以及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原免疫组化染色观察移植物的组织学与胶原表型变化,并与正常半腱肌腱和PCL进行比较.结果常规组织化学染色显示正常半腱肌腱和PCL在细胞构成上有明显的差别,PCL内可见软骨样细胞;重建后的移植物经过坏死、细胞重新长入、胶原形成和重塑阶段,52周时形成的结构类似于正常PCL,但在纤维排列上与正常PCL仍有差异.免疫组织化学染色结果显示正常PCL纤维内部仅有Ⅰ型胶原表达,重建韧带Ⅰ型胶原染色随时间延长从少到多,Ⅲ型胶原染色从多到少,52周时移植物内局部仍有表达.结论采用半腱肌腱重建PCL 52周时移植物和正常PCL结构相似,但仍有差异.     

Bleeding complications precipitated by unrecognized Gingko biloba use after liver transplantation

Because of its neurocognitive enhancing effects, Gingko biloba has emerged as amongst the most commonly used herbal products. We report a liver transplant recipient with potentially life-threatening toxicity resulting from Gingko biloba use. Seven days after a second liver transplantation for recurrent hepatitisB virus infection, subphrenic hematoma was documented in a 59-year-old Korean patient. Failure to control bleeding with CT-guided drainage necessitated exploratory laparotomy for the evacuation of a large subphrenic hematoma. Three weeks later, an episode of vitreous hemorrhage was documented. Unbeknownst to his care providers, the patient had been consuming Gingko biloba throughout the postoperative period. No further bleeding episodes occurred after the cessation of Gingko biloba use. Unrecognized use of herbal products may be associated with serious side effects and adverse clinical sequelae in transplant recipients. Given their increasing popularity, the use of herbal products should be routinely sought as part of the history in transplant recipients.     

Living-related donor transplants should be performed with caution in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

The success rates of living-related donor (LRD) transplants are clearly superior to those obtained with cadaver donors. However, caution should be exercised when considering LRD transplantation for a condition which has an increased chance of recurring after transplantation and causing ultimate graft failure. The recurrence rate of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in the allograft is 20%–40%, with graft failure resulting in 40%–50% of these cases. However, these figures may be an underestimation of the true rate of recurrence of FSGS. Once a first transplant fails due to recurrent disease, the risk of recurrence in the second transplant approaches 80%. Subgroups of patients at high risk for recurrence have been identified. In patients not at high risk for recurrent FSGS, the use of a LRD should be considered, provided that the donor and recipient and their families have been informed that the disease may recur and lead to graft failure. In patients at high risk for recurrence, a LRD transplant should be avoided. Hopefully, future development of a simple and reliable test to predict the likelihood of recurrence will enable us to counsel and advise our patients with FSGS about the wisdom or dangers of proceeding with a LRD transplant.     

303例下咽癌的外科治疗及组织移植修复重建术的临床分析

目的探讨下咽癌的外科治疗及术后下咽食管缺损不同组织移植Ⅰ期重建方法在下咽癌治疗中的远期疗效.方法回顾性分析1965～1998年外科治疗下咽癌患者303例,其中130例经不同组织移植重建下咽食管手术治疗(1997年UICC分期Ⅱ期5例;Ⅲ期16例;Ⅳ期109例),其中梨状窝区94例,咽后壁区18例,环后区18例.游离空肠15例,胃代下咽食管81例,结肠代下咽食管10例,胸大肌肌皮瓣修复20例,其他方法4例.173例下咽癌患者不需要重建(Ⅰ期7例,Ⅱ期12例,Ⅲ期51例,Ⅳ期103例),其中梨状窝160例,咽后壁8例,环后5例.结果 Kaplan-Meire法统计生存率,130例组织移植重建患者3年生存率为43.2%,5年生存率为36.4%;173例不需要组织重建患者3年生存率为59.2%,5年生存率为47.7%.各组吞咽功能良好率均在80%以上.胃代下咽食管手术死亡率为8.6%(7/81例);胸大肌肌皮瓣修复手术死亡率15.0%(3/209例);游离空肠及结肠代食管下咽无手术死亡.总手术并发症20世纪90年代之前为44.3%(35/79例),90年代手术并发症为13.7%(7/51例),χ2=13.457,P=0.004,差异有显著性;其中90年代胸大肌肌皮瓣修复并发症最高为18.2%(2/11例).结论游离空肠、胃代下咽食管、胸大肌肌皮瓣修复在下咽癌的生存率、吞咽功能的恢复及手术并发症等方面均取得较好的治疗效果,是值得提倡的重建方法.     

Spinal cord transplants enhance the recovery of locomotor function after spinal cord injury at birth

Summary Fetal spinal cord transplants placed into the site of a neonatal spinal cord lesion alter the response of immature CNS neurons to injury. The transplants prevent the retrograde cell death of immature axotomized neurons and support the growth of axons into and through the site of injury. In the present experiments we used a battery of locomotor tasks to determine if these transplants are also capable of promoting the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury at birth. Embryonic (E14) spinal cord transplants were placed into the site of a spinal cord over-hemisection in rat pups. Three groups of animals were used: 1) normal control animals, 2) animals with a spinal cord hemisection only, and 3) animals with a spinal cord transplant at the site of the hemisection. Eight to twelve weeks later, the animals were trained and videotaped while crossing runways requiring accurate foot placement and footprinted while walking on a treadmill. The videotapes and footprints were analyzed to obtain quantitative measures of locomotor function. Footprint analysis revealed that the animals' base of support during locomotion was increased by a neonatal hemisection. The base of support in animals with transplants was similar to control values. Animals with a hemisection rotated their hindlimbs further laterally than did control animals during locomotion. A transplant at the site of injury modified this response. Normal animals were able to cross a grid runway quickly with only a few errors. In contrast, animals with a hemisection took a longer time and made more errors while crossing. The presence of a transplant at the site of injury enabled the animals to cross the grid more quickly and to make fewer errors than the animals with a hemisection only. Animals that received the transplants demonstrated qualitative and quantitative improvements in several parameters of locomotion. Spinal cord transplants at the site of neonatal spinal cord injury result in enhanced sparing or recovery of motor function. We suggest that this transplant induced recovery of function is a consequence of the anatomical plasticity elicited by the transplants.     

Regeneration in grafts of normal and denervated rat muscles

Summary The soleus or extensor digitorum longus muscles of young rats were freely grafted into the bed of the corresponding contralateral muscle. The grafts were of normal muscle or muscles which had been denervated for 14 days. Grafts of normal muscle were characterized by little or no contractile activity for the first 2–4 days after transplantation. In contrast, denervated grafts contracted weakly, but consistently, throughout this early period. The patterns of contraction were complex. In early transplants, the contractions were due entirely to surviving muscle fibers in the graft, and the contractile characteristics were those of denervated muscle fibers. After the first week, contractions of newly regenerating muscle fibers within the grafts were superimposed upon and later took over those from the fibers that survived the original transplantation. The contraction time approached those of the normal soleus or extensor muscles during the second month after grafting, and the grafts contracted like fast or slow muscles.     

Effects of graft placement site on the survival of adrenal medulla transplants into the brain and its relation with the recovery of motor function

BACKGROUND: Because of their lack of long-term viability, adrenal tissue transplants have shown limited success in alleviating the motor disturbances associated with experimental and pathologic striatal dopamine denervation. In this study, we examined how the graft placement site influences adrenal medulla transplant survival and its relation with the reduction of motor deficits in rats bearing unilateral 6-OHDA lesion. METHODS: One or 5 microL of fetal adrenal medullar tissue was grafted either inside the striatal parenchyma or into the lateral ventricle in contact with the dopamine-denervated striatum. Motor disturbances, as assessed by apomorphine-induced rotation, were correlated to the graft morphologic survival features. RESULTS: Apomorphine-induced rotation showed a marginal reduction of 11% in all groups independently of graft survival features or placement site. Intrastriatal transplants showed limited viability characterized by a substantial loss of graft initial volume as well as fewer and smaller chromaffin cells compared to ventricular grafts, which had a reduced loss of graft initial volume and more and larger chromaffin cells. CONCLUSIONS: Although the lateral ventricle may favor adrenal medulla transplant viability, their induced motor outcome is comparable to that induced by less viable intrastriatal grafts, suggesting that the implanted dopamine-producing cells may interact and influence striatal neurons better when placed in close proximity.     

头颈部游离组织瓣血管危象的预防和处理

目的探讨头颈部游离组织瓣术后血管危象的预防和处理方法。方法2003年3月～2008年4月我科96例游离组织瓣移植术后危象发生13例。回顾性分析危象发生时间,危象类型,皮瓣类型,吻合血管选择,血栓病理观察,处理过程和抢救成功率。结果13例中,保守处理成功5例。剩下8例中,动脉危象为1例,静脉危象6例,动静脉危象1例;前臂瓣2例,腹直肌3例,股外侧皮3例。首次发生危象时间分别在术后2小时～6天,平均34小时。8例中,4例系连续两次抢救,最终抢救成功4例,失败4例。结论术前认真选择适应证和规范的吻合技术是减少危象的关键;早期发现和掌握抢救技巧提高抢救成功率的关键。     

反义细胞外信号调节激酶对移植物血管的保护作用

目的探讨反义细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK1／2）基因治疗对移植物血管的保护作用及可能的保护机制。方法建立BN至Lewis大鼠的腹主动脉移植模型。反义ERK1／2治疗组移植前取供者动脉血管段给予经脂质体包装的反义ERK1／2基因转染；腹主动脉移植术后1个月内受者每日从尾静脉或阴茎背静脉注入经脂质体包装的反义ERK1／2寡核苷酸100μl。对照组移植未经任何处理的血管段，移植后也无特殊处理。移植术后60d取移植段主动脉进行组织病理学观察内膜和胶原纤维变化；免疫组织化学法观察移植段血管ERK1／2基因的表达和CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞的浸润情况；ELISA法检测血清中细胞间粘附分子（ICAM-1）的变化。结果移植术后60d，对照组的移植动脉呈慢性移植物血管病表现，血管内膜显著增厚，移植血管中ERK1／2基因高表达，CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞大量浸润；反义ERK1／2基因治疗组移植动脉呈血管内膜炎改变，ERK1／2基因表达不明显，内膜有少量CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞；对照组ICAM-1表达显著高于反义ERK1／2治疗组（P〈0．05）。结论反义ERK1／2基因治疗对移植物血管具有保护作用，可以减缓慢性移植物血管病的发生，这种保护机制可能和减少ICAM-1的表达以及减少移植血管T淋巴细胞的浸润有关。     

残端悬吊包绕肌腱移植物重建前交叉韧带

目的:探讨残端悬吊包绕肌腱移植物重建前交叉韧带的价值。方法:2009年6月至2011年6月对76例前交叉韧带损伤的患者采用残端悬吊包绕肌腱移植物重建前交叉韧带治疗。男59例,女17例;年龄15～46岁,平均29岁。其中运动伤32例,训练伤20例,交通事故伤16例,其他损伤8例。受伤至手术时间平均3周(2～5周)。术前前抽屉试验阳性72例,Lachman试验阳性76例,IKDC主观评分45.9±3.6,Lysholm评分54.3±4.5。结果:术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无相关并发症发生。69例获得随访,时间17～31个月,平均23个月。末次随访Lachman试验均呈阴性;IKDC评级A级36例,B级30例,C级3例,D级0例;IKDC主观评分91.5±3.4,较术前提高;Lysholm评分92.4±3.8,较术前提高。结论:采用残端悬吊包绕肌腱移植物重建前交叉韧带有助于移植肌腱的修复,临床疗效满意。