Radionuclide targeting and dosimetry at the microscopic level: the role of microautoradiography

The understanding of localisation mechanisms and microdosimetry of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals depends on knowledge of their biodistribution at the microscopic level (cellular and subcellular) in the target tissues. Various methods have been advanced for obtaining information about this microdistribution: subcellular fractionation, secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging, microprobe elemental analysis in the electron microscope, and microautoradiography. This review compares these approaches, and discusses in detail the methodology of microautoradiography (the most generally useful approach) with imaging and therapy radionuclides. Literature examples of applications of microautoradiography in nuclear medicine are reviewed, and the future potential contribution of the techniques is assessed.     

“Pulmonary tongue” a right ventricle phase abnormality in muga studies in patients with pulmonary hypertention

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) produces strain followed by hypertrophy and later dilatation of the right ventricle (RV) and pulmonary artery. The signs and symptoms are nonspecific. There is a need for a noninvasive sensitive way to diagnose PH. The purpose of this study is to evaluate phase abnormalities in radionuclide MUGA studies of patients with referred diagnosis of PH. In a retrospective analysis of 44 patients who had a radionuclide multigated study (MUGA) and contrast ventriculography (CV), 19 had high mean pulmonary pressure (over 20 mmHg) and a high pulmonary vascular resistance index (over 2.0). In 15 patients, a delayed phase segment in the RV corresponding to the pulmonary infundibulum and pulmonary conus was noted The Pulmonary Tongue sign (PT), 12 had PH (True positive) and 3 did not (false positive) on CV. No PT was seen in the remaining 29 patients, only 7 of them had PH (False negative). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the PT sign in detecting PH was 80%, 72% and 77% respectively. The number of patients was too small to calculate the correlation of the grade of PT with the severity of PH. We conclude that The Pulmonary Tongue sign on a MUGA study is clinically useful in detecting PH.This project is supported by research project MLNO13 and funded by research Council, Kuwait University     

全国首台AP1000核电机组安装后周围生活饮用水及食品中90Sr和137Cs放射性水平调查

目的 调查分析全国首台AP1000核电机组安装后周围生活饮用水中⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs及食品中¹³⁷Cs放射性水平及变化。方法 2012—2019年,选取全国首台AP1000核电机组所在的三门核电站周围的4个生活饮用水监测点,分别在丰水期和枯水期采集并测定⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度;采集当地产大米、包菜、鲫鱼和鲻鱼,测定分析¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度。结果 2012—2019年,生活饮用水中⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度范围分别为1.2~9.8、0.2~8.1 mBq/L;食品中¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度为1.1×10^-2~2.8×10^-1 Bq/kg,小于《食品中放射性物质限制浓度标准》（GB 14882-94）限制浓度。结论 全国首台AP1000核电机组安装后周围生活饮用水中⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs及食品中¹³⁷Cs放射性水平平稳,调查数据显示未发现对环境带来影响。     

纳米制剂及纳米材料在放射性核素促排中的应用

放射性突发事件造成的放射性核素内污染,严重危害人体健康,促排剂的研发和及新技术的应用可减少核素产生的内照射的损伤。纳米制剂较传统制剂具有提高药物溶出度、靶向和定位释药、易穿过生物膜屏障等优点。近年来很多学者针对不同促排药物,采用不同的纳米制剂形式,包括纳米微粒、纳米脂质体、纳米乳等进行相关研究,以期达到更好的临床应用效果。性能优异的纳米材料具有高效快速吸附、高生物相容性等优点,在放射性核素促排中的应用越来越广泛。本文结合国内外相关文献,将核素内污染按核素沉积的不同部位和组织器官进行分类,介绍了相关纳米制剂及纳米材料在放射性核素促排中的应用,为后续进一步研究提供参考。     

全膳食中放射性核素的γ能谱测量方法研究

目的 建立一套HP Geγ能谱仪测量全膳食中放射性核素活度浓度的方法。方法 利用"双份饭法"收集全膳食样品后,用BE 5030型宽能HP Geγ能谱仪进行测量。以大米粉标准源验证无源效率刻度的可靠性后,采用LabSOCS软件进行效率刻度,并计算样品中放射性核素的活度浓度和日均摄入量。结果 无源效率刻度验证结果在可接受范围内,所分析样品中均检测出了天然放射性核素²²⁶Ra和⁴⁰K,平均活度浓度分别为0.31和141 Bq/kg（干重）,日均摄入量分别为0.21和95 Bq/d;部分样品检出了²¹⁰Pb和²²⁸Ra;均未检出²³⁸U和人工放射性核素¹³⁷Cs。结论 基于LabSOCS软件的无源效率刻度方法能较好的模拟全膳食样品的探测效率,可以用于全膳食样品的效率刻度。样品中的所检测的放射性核素活度浓度均在国家标准限值内。解决全膳食样品不易混合均匀的制样方法以及"全膳食基质成分库"的建立有待进一步研究。     

Cancer radioimmunotherapy with alpha-emitting nuclides

In lymphoid malignancies and in certain solid cancers such as medullary thyroid carcinoma, somewhat mixed success has been achieved when applying radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with -emitters for the treatment of refractory cases. The development of novel RIT with -emitters has created new opportunities and theoretical advantages due to the high linear energy transfer (LET) and the short path length in biological tissue of -particles. These physical properties offer the prospect of achieving selective tumoural cell killing. Thus, RIT with -emitters appears particularly suited for the elimination of circulating single cells or cell clusters or for the treatment of micrometastases at an early stage. However, to avoid non-specific irradiation of healthy tissues, it is necessary to identify accessible tumoural targets easily and rapidly. For this purpose, a small number of -emitters have been investigated, among which only a few have been used for in vivo preclinical studies. Another problem is the availability and cost of these radionuclides; for instance, the low cost and the development of a reliable actinium-225/bismuth-213 generator were probably determining elements in the choice of bismuth-213 in the only human trial of RIT with an -emitter. This article reviews the literature concerning monoclonal antibodies radiolabelled with -emitters that have been developed for possible RIT in cancer patients. The principal radio-immunoconjugates are considered, starting with physical and chemical properties of -emitters, their mode of production, the possibilities and difficulties of labelling, in vitro studies and finally, when available, in vivo preclinical and clinical studies.     

Radio-guided localization of clinically occult breast lesions (ROLL): a DGH experience

AIM: Wire-guided localization (WGL) of clinically occult breast lesions is a well established technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate radio-guided localization (ROLL) within the breast screening service of a district general hospital. METHOD: The study group comprised 70 women who underwent ROLL under US and stereotaxis. This required an injection of Technetium-labelled colloidal albumen into the impalpable breast lesion. The women then proceeded to theatre, where localization was achieved with the use of a gamma probe. The lesion was identified by the presence of a high signal, caused by the injected isotope. The results of 70 consecutive cases in which a breast lesion was localized using ROLL were compared with the results of the latest 70 WGLs. RESULTS: All 140 lesions were successfully localized. However, the change in technique from WGL to ROLL offered significant benefits to patients. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that ROLL is a practical and reliable localization technique. It can be implemented in hospital units without using valuable gamma camera time. The cost compares well with WGL. There is an improved cosmetic outcome for patients, and the very small quantity of radioactivity used is safe for both patients and staff.     

Detection of right-coronary-artery disease using stress thallium scintigraphy: Importance of considering the right ventricle

Retrospective analyses of the stress thallium studies of 51 patients with a history of previous infarctions or definite stable angina were performed in order to determine the extent of the coronary-artery disease (CAD). The results were correlated with recent coronary-angiography findings in order to assess the effect of including rightventricule (RV) visualization on the accuracy of the detection of right coronary-artery (RCA) disease, as well as the effect of graded stenosis or occlusion of the RCA and the presence of disease of the other coronary vessels on the visualization of the RV. Eight patients had normal coronary arteries. The other 43 patients had CAD, only 5 of whom had single-vessel RCA disease. With regard to the RV, 6 patients had nonvisualization, 30 had patchy visualization, and 15 had normal visualization in the stress thallium studies. Nonvisualization indicated 100% occlusion of RCA in 6 out of 6 patients. Patchy visualization indicated significant occlusion of the RCA in 25 out of 30 patients (83%), while normal visualization indicated a normal RCA in 13 out of 15 patients (86%). Normal visualization did not mean that the possibility of RCA disease could be excluded. When RV visualization data were added to LV images, the sensitivity for detecting RCA increased from 66% to 94% (P<0.05), the specificity decreased from 89% to 72% (P<0.1), and the predictive accuracy increased from 75% to 86% (P>0.1).     

环境放射性监测中基于γ谱分析的事件识别

目的 论述了如何利用环境放射性监测中基于γ能谱分析的数据进行核事件识别和判断的方法。方法 利用γ能谱分析获得环境样品中特征放射性核素的方法，可以判断核事件的类型；利用于体与母体，或者任意两个特征放射性核素的话度比推算核事件的发生时间和装科，并对环境放射性监测工作中的样品采集和测量系统提出具体的要求。结果 通过与既往环境放射性监测结果的回顾研究和对苏联切尔诺贝利核事故监测结果的分析证明，利用笔者提出的方法推测的事件性质与实际情况相吻合。结论 利用特征放射性核素判断核事件的类型和利用于母体放射性核素的活度比推算核事件的发生时间的方法是可靠的。     

^13C-呼气试验检测胃排空的原理及其结果分析

随着稳定性核素^13C-呼气试验检测胃排空临床应用的普及,与其相关的问题也日益突出。作为一种间接测定胃排空的定量手段．理解试验原理和解读试验结果对临床工作者尤为重要。本文通过全面阐述^13C-呼气试验的原理、与其他胃排空检测方法的比较、试剂种类以及胃排空呼气试验底物^13C-辛酸和^13C-乙酸在体内的代谢以及^13C-的转运和分布规律,以期能帮助临床工作者理解^13C-呼气试验的原理并分析试验结果。