Quality of life of patients with epilepsy living in Kingston, Jamaica

Quality of life in epilepsy has not been documented in the English-speaking Caribbean. The aim of this study was to explore the quality of life of persons with epilepsy (PWE) living in Jamaica and determine the impact of socioeconomic factors by examining two socially distinct groups in semiprivate (Epilepsy Centre of Jamaica) and public (Kingston Public Hospital) outpatient clinics. One hundred nine consecutive patients were interviewed. Quality of life was assessed using the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 inventory (QOLIE-31). Both groups were matched for gender, epilepsy syndrome, epilepsy duration, and number of antiepileptic drugs. Predictors of quality of life included number of antiepileptic drugs (P=0.039), epilepsy duration (P<0.05), and functional status (P<0.001). Neither seizure frequency nor socioeconomic status predicted QOLIE-31 scores. Mean QOLIE-31 total score (61.57 vs 49.2, P<0.001) and QOLIE-31 subscale scores (with the exception of the Seizure Worry score [53.8 vs 48.2, P=0.08]) were significantly higher than the corresponding t scores. The QOLIE-31 can reliably be used in Jamaica. Our findings suggest Jamaicans living with epilepsy perceive themselves as having a better than expected quality of life.     

The effect of seizure severity on quality of life in epilepsy

Seizure severity is an important aspect of epilepsy. The relationship between seizure severity and quality of life in epilepsy, however, has been incompletely explored. With a data set of 118 women from the baseline phase of a clinical treatment trial, the relationship between seizure severity and aspects of quality of life was evaluated. Two domains of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31) correlated highly significantly with seizure severity: Seizure Worry (r=-0.265, P=.004) and Social Functioning (r=-0.280, P=0.002). Two additional domains were significantly correlated: Overall Quality of Life (r=-0.210, P=0.023) and Cognitive (r=-0.209, P=0.024). When the potentially confounding effect of depression, measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, was controlled for, the regression of seizure severity with QOLIE-31 Seizure Worry remained significant (P=0.006, R(2)=0.153), as did the regression with QOLIE-31 Social Functioning (P=0.002, R(2)=0.184) and the regression with QOLIE-31 Cognitive (P=0.037, R(2)=0.30). These findings indicate that severe and potentially injurious seizure behaviors contribute to anxiety and socially avoidant behavior for persons with intractable epilepsy.     

Association of subjective anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance with quality-of-life ratings in adults with epilepsy

Purpose :  To determine the relative contributions of subjective anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and seizure-related variables to quality-of-life scores in adults with epilepsy, and the interrelationships among these factors.
Methods :  Consecutive adult patients with epilepsy attending neurology outpatient clinics were recruited. Patients completed the following scales: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-31 (QOLIE-31). Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to identify variables associated with QOLIE-31 overall score. Path analysis model was constructed to test for interrelations between the variables.
Results :  Two hundred forty-seven patients completed the questionnaires. By multivariate analysis, in order of degree of contribution, HADS anxiety subscale score, MOS Sleep Scale Sleep Problems Index score, HADS depression subscale score, number of current antiepileptic drugs used, and seizure freedom in the past 4 weeks, significantly correlated with QOLIE-31 overall score, accounting for 65.2% of the variance. Complex interrelationships were present between these factors. A general linear model to predict QOLIE-31 overall score in the presence of these factors was constructed.
Conclusion :  Subjective anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance exerted greater effect than short-term seizure control on quality of life scores of patients with epilepsy. These factors should be considered simultaneously when evaluating effects of treatment on quality of life.     

Influence of clinical,demographic, and socioeconomic variables on quality of life in patients with epilepsy: findings from Georgian study

OBJECTIVE: To identify the clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic factors that are associated with a poor quality of life in patients with epilepsy in Georgia. METHODS: Clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic status data were collected from 115 adult epileptic outpatients being treated in the epilepsy programme at the Sarajishvili Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (SINN) in Tbilisi, Georgia. Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) was measured by the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31). Multiple regression analysis was used to determine which variables were associated with QOLIE-31 total and subcomponent scores. RESULTS: Mean age of the patient population was 37.9 (SD 15.8) years; 43.5% were females; 51.8% did not have a partner; 39.1% had some university education; 82.6% were unemployed. Of 115 epileptic patients 83.3% had partial, and 16.7% had generalised seizures. Overall, 32.2% of patients were seizure free, and 28.7% experienced more than 10 seizures over the past year. The variables that most strongly predicted a lower QOLIE-31 total score were a low education level, high seizure frequency, and long duration of epilepsy. The QOLIE-31 all subcomponent scores correlated strongly with seizure frequency. Advanced age was a significant predictor for a low overall quality of life, energy/fatigue, and cognitive scores. Female sex was the factor that significantly predicted a low seizure worry score. Education level strongly correlated with overall quality of life, and cognitive and social functioning scores. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical factors such as high seizure frequency and long duration of epilepsy had a significant influence on HRQL. Advanced age, female sex, and a low education level were the demographic factors that correlated strongly with low quality of life scores.     

Influence of fatigue, depression, and demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical variables on quality of life of patients with epilepsy

The purpose of this study was to define the influence of fatigue, depression, and clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic factors on the quality of life of patients with epilepsy. The study was performed on 103 adult patients who visited Erciyes University Epilepsy Outpatient Clinic between 2004 and 2005. Patients were evaluated with the Form of Negotiation, Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-89), Beck Depression Inventory, and Fatigue Severity Scale. Mean age of the patients was 34.3+/-12.6, and mean duration of disease was 12.6+/-9.3 years. Among these patients, 52.4% were men, 49.5% were married, 15.5% had a university education, 53.4% had low incomes, 45.6% had generalized seizures, and 35.0% had experienced one or more seizures per month during the preceding year. The most significant variables in the domain of Overall quality of life were seizure frequency (P<0.001), depression (P<0.001), and fatigue (P<0.001); the variables in the domain of Mental Health were seizure frequency (P<0.001) and fatigue (P<0.001); the variable in the Cognitive domain was fatigue (P<0.001); the variables in the domain of Physical Health were social insurance coverage (P<0.01), fatigue (P<0.01), and age (P<0.01); the variables in the Epilepsy Targeted domain were depression (P<0.001), seizure frequency (P<0.001), and fatigue (P<0.01). Although quality of life has multiple determinants, seizure frequency, fatigue, and depression are the most important factors affecting quality of life in patients with epilepsy. One or more seizures per month, severe fatigue, and depression are associated with lower quality of life in some but not all domains. Partial correlations demonstrated that fatigue was a significant independent predictor of quality of life. The present study confirms that fatigue can be a powerful predictor of quality of life.     

Determinants of quality of life in people with epilepsy in Serbia

PurposeThis study aimed at finding determinants of quality of life in people with epilepsy (PWE) living in Belgrade, Serbia.MethodIn this study, we recruited consecutive adults with epilepsy attending our outpatient department. Adult patients (age range: 18–65 years) of normal intelligence and without any progressive neurological disease or psychiatric disorder were included in the study. They completed the following questionnaires: QOLIE-31 Inventory (Serbian version), Beck's Depression Inventory-II, Beck's Anxiety Inventory, Symptom Check List-90, and Neurotoxicity Scale-II. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the predictive effects of some factors on QOLIE-31 Inventory.ResultsThe mean QOLIE-31 score of 203 patients who completed the questionnaires was 70.64 ± 17.74. Sociodemographic factors (age, sex, education, and employment) did not significantly predict QOLIE-31 score. Significant determinants of quality of life were clinical characteristics – seizure severity and etiology of epilepsy – accounting for 30.9% of the variance, depressive and anxiety symptoms accounting for 42.8% of the variance, and cognitive effects of antiepileptic drugs, accounting for 1.5% above other variables.ConclusionsThe results suggest that seizure severity and etiology of epilepsy, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and cognitive adverse medication effects are main determinants of quality of life in this population of PWE.     

Factors influencing on quality of life in people with epilepsy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of different factors on health-related QOL in adults with epilepsy in Moscow, Russia. METHOD: We evaluated quality of life in 242 patients (98 de novo and 144 previously inadequately treated) by using QOLIE-31. Partial cryptogenic or symptomatic epilepsy was diagnosed in 214 patients, in 28-idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to assess the influence of different factors on QOL. RESULTS: In patients with epilepsy in Russia the total score of QOLIE-31 was rather low-42.13+/-4.14. Relationship of quality of life (total score) and frequency of seizures and duration of disease was analyzed. Frequency of seizures was the most significant parameter related to QOL (R=0.46 with total score). Duration of disease also correlated with QOL score (R=0.24 with total score). Significant but rather weak association (link) between frequency of seizures and almost all of subscales of quality of life was noticed. Duration of epilepsy correlated with less number of subscales: Energy/fatigue, Medication effects, Social functioning, Overall QOL subscales. When factors influencing on QOL were separately analyzed in newly diagnosed and previously treated patients frequency of seizures was the most important parameter in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency of seizures is the most important factor influencing on QOL in adults with epilepsy (newly diagnosed and previously treated).     

Factors affecting the quality of life in patients with epilepsy in Seoul, South Korea

OBJECTIVES: The level of, and factors affecting the quality of life (QOL) in patients with epilepsy may be different in Korea where social prejudice toward them is still pronounced. However, these issues have not yet been addressed properly. METHODS: We consecutively identified 154 epilepsy patients who visited the outpatient clinic at the Seoul National University Hospital. An interview was performed by two research nurses with the use of a standardized questionnaire, which included data pertaining to seizure characteristics, symptoms of depression/anxiety, social support, family life/social life satisfaction, and the activities of daily living (ADLs). The QOL was assessed with the use of QOL in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31). RESULTS: Factors affecting the QOL were: age (P<0.01), education in years (P<0.01), employment status (P<0.05), employment type (P<0.05), current economic status (P<0.05), seizure frequency (P<0.01), the number of antiepileptic drugs (P<0.01), family life/social life dissatisfaction (P<0.01, respectively), social support (P<0.01), the symptoms of anxiety and depression (P<0.01, respectively) and ADL dysfunction (P<0.01). In multiple regression analysis, the symptom of anxiety was the most important factor in explaining lower QOL in patients with epilepsy, while depression (P<0.01), social life dissatisfaction (P<0.01), ADL dysfunction (P<0.05) and seizure frequency (P<0.05) were also significant factors. CONCLUSION: Psycho-social factors outweighed the physical factors in determining QOL in Korean epilepsy patients. Recognition of these factors will lead health professionals to develop different strategies to improve the QOL of these patients.     

Evaluation of clinical aspects and quality of life as risk factors for depression in patients with epilepsy

The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical aspects and quality of life (QOL) as risk factors for depression in patients with epilepsy. One hundred and forty outpatients with a diagnosis of epilepsy who were attending our epilepsy center participated. Patients anonymously filled out a questionnaire with clinical data related to epilepsy. Depression level was evaluated by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 (HAMD-17), and quality of life was evaluated by the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31). Thirty-six patients with epilepsy suffered from depression (25.7%). Complex partial seizures (OR=0.112) and number of seizure types (OR=3.773) were found to be clinical risk factors for depression. Low scores for seizure worry (OR=0.947) and social function (OR=0.947) on the QOLIE-31 increased the probability of depression in patients with epilepsy.     

Quality of life in medication-resistant epilepsy: the effects of patient's age, age at seizure onset, and disease duration

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine the effects of age, age at seizure onset, and duration of epilepsy on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with medication-resistant epilepsy. METHODS: We analyzed data for a sample of 99 patients with medication-resistant epilepsy drawn from admissions to the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit. Patients had completed the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-89 (QOLIE-89), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and Adverse Events Profile. Number of comorbidities and number of antiepileptic drugs were abstracted from the chart. The dependent variable was QOLIE-89 overall score. The data were analyzed using ordinary least-squares regression. RESULTS: The simple regression results showed no significant effect of patient's age on QOLIE-89 (P=0.354), whereas age at onset and duration had significant effects (P=0.004 and P=0.012, respectively); the higher the age at onset and the shorter the disease duration, the lower the HRQOL. After adding POMS Depression/Dejection, Adverse Events Profile, comorbidities, and antiepileptic drugs, the effects of age at onset and duration were no longer significant (P=0.084 and P=0.207). CONCLUSIONS: Adult-onset epilepsy can disrupt one's established social, economic, and psychological life, while better coping mechanisms and social support may improve HRQOL as the duration of epilepsy increases. The modest association of age at onset and disease duration with HRQOL is explained away by mood states and adverse events, which are much stronger predictors of HRQOL. Interventions to improve HRQOL in patients with medication-resistant epilepsy should, therefore, focus on treating mood disturbances and minimizing medication side effects.     

Factors affecting quality of life in adults with epilepsy in Taiwan: A cross-sectional,correlational study

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess eight factors considered important for quality of life in persons with epilepsy in order to determine which of these components affect quality of life in adults with epilepsy in Taiwan.MethodsA cross-sectional, correlational study using structured questionnaires assessed 260 patients with epilepsy purposively sampled from a medical center in Northern Taiwan. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was evaluated with the Quality of Life in Epilepsy—31 (QOLIE-31) questionnaire. Data also included personal and health-related characteristics, knowledge of epilepsy, efficacy in the self-management of epilepsy, and social support.ResultsScores for the QOLIE-31 were correlated with the following factors: (1) demographic characteristics of age, gender, and income; (2) sleep quality; (3) symptoms of anxiety and depression; (4) epilepsy-specific variables: seizure frequency; types, number, and frequency of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs); and adverse events of AEDs; and (5) social support. Stepwise regression analysis showed that seven factors were predictive for quality of life: anxiety, depression, adverse events of AEDs, social support, seizure frequency of at least once in three months, household income of NT$ 40,001–100,000, and male gender. These factors accounted for 58.2% of the variance of quality of life.SignificanceOur study assessed multiple factors in an examination of relationships and predictive factors for quality of life in adults with epilepsy in Taiwan. Knowledge of these contributing factors can assist health-care providers when evaluating patients with epilepsy to help target interventions for improving quality of life.     

Clinical and demographic characteristics predicting QOL in patients with epilepsy in the Czech Republic: How this can influence practice

ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to assess the influence of different clinical and demographic variables on quality of life (QOL) in patients with epilepsy in the Czech Republic.MethodsOutpatients with epilepsy (n = 268) who visited two neurology departments between 2005 and 2006 were included. Clinical and demographic characteristics were retrieved from medical records. Quality of life was measured by the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31). Using multiple regression analysis, we determined which variables were associated with QOLIE-31 overall and subscale scores.ResultsSeizure frequency, employability and psychiatric comorbidity were found to be risk factors for QOLIE-31 overall score, accounting for 33% of the variance in the regression model. Seizure frequency was strong predictor for all seven subscales. Employability explained 10% of the variance in the QOLIE overall score and was the strongest predictor for Overall QOL, Emotional Well-being, Energy/Fatigue and Cognitive Function. Gender, type of seizures, age at onset of seizures, and systemic comorbidity had no significant association in this study.ConclusionsThe present study confirms that besides seizure frequency, employability and comorbid psychiatric conditions are strong predictors of QOL in patients with epilepsy. Interventions focusing on psychosocial problems and identification of factors that hamper employment in patients with epilepsy are necessary for improving QOL in these patients.     

Effects of psychosocial functioning,depression, seizure frequency,and employment on quality of life in patients with epilepsy

This study aimed to investigate the quality of life (QOL) in patients with epilepsy and its correlation with psychosocial impact, depression, seizure-related items, and living circumstances. One hundred two patients who visited the epilepsy clinic at Nagoya City University Hospital participated in this study. We used the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-31-P (QOLIE-31-P) as a measure of QOL, the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) as the screening instrument for rapid detection of major depression, and the Side Effects and Life Satisfaction Inventory (SEALS) to evaluate psychosocial functioning, seizure-related items, and living circumstances. Significant correlations of the QOLIE-31-P overall score with these questionnaires and seizure-related or demographic variables were identified and analyzed by stepwise linear regression. The QOLIE-31-P overall score correlated significantly with the NDDI-E, SEALS overall score, number of anticonvulsants, frequency of focal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness (focal seizure), sheltered work, and employment. The stepwise linear regression showed that the QOLIE-31-P overall score was explained by the effects of psychosocial functioning, depression, frequency of focal seizure, and employment, in that order, with these factors explaining 74% of the variance. Thus, using both the SEALS and NDDI-E may be useful to detect some aspects of QOL in clinical settings.     

Determinants of quality of life in epilepsy

Although depression is associated with diminished quality of life (QOL) in epilepsy patients, the relative contributions of epilepsy-specific concerns, as well as clinical and cognitive variables of QOL, have not been simultaneously investigated. A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Epilepsy Foundation of America's (EFA) Concerns Index, MMPI-2, QOLIE-89, WAIS-III, and Selective Reminding was administered to 115 epilepsy surgery candidates with normal Full Scale IQs. Linear regression analyses were performed to identify significant predictor combinations of QOLIE-89 total score. Regression analysis demonstrated that depressive symptomatology, whether reflected by the BDI (R2=0.45) or Depression scale of the MMPI-2 (R2=0.36), was a robust individual QOL predictor. Seizure Worry from the EFA Concerns Index was nearly as effective as the BDI in predicting QOLIE-89 (R2=0.42). When the BDI and EFA Concerns Index were combined into the same regression, both factors continued to contribute significantly to the QOLIE-89 total score, with both variables accounting for 61% of the variance. Although patients who developed their seizures at an older age had poorer QOL and patients with higher educational levels reported higher QOL, neither factor was related to QOL after accounting for the effects of psychological variables and epilepsy-related concerns. Although quality of life has multiple determinants, symptoms of depression and seizure worry are the most important factors affecting QOL in patients with intractable epilepsy.     

迷走神经刺激对癫痫患者生活质量影响的临床研究

目的评估迷走神经刺激对癫痫患者生活质量的影响。方法 14例药物难治性全身性癫痫患者进行迷走神经刺激术治疗,比较其术前及术后癫痫患者生活质量量表-31(QOLIE-31)评分的变化。结果平均随访12月,患者发作频率平均减少61.0%,其中5例发作频率减少<50%,6例发作频率减少≥50%,3例发作停止。癫痫患者生活质量量表总分从术前的50.5上升至术后的57.1,平均增加6.6(P=0.0276)。各个分量表中得分均有一定程度增加,其中认知功能、情绪两项改善有统计学意义。癫痫患者生活质量量表总分及7个分量表得分改善与发作减少均无相关性。结论迷走神经刺激是一种治疗药物难治性癫痫安全、有效的方法。其作用不仅体现在癫痫发作的减少,对生活质量也有一定的改善作用。而且这两者之间无相关性,提示生活质量改善是迷走神经刺激独立的临床疗效评价指标之一。     

成年癫痫患者生活质量的研究

目的运用QOLIE-31量表中文版调查评估广东地区成年癫痫患者的生活质量。方法对398例患者采用简单随机抽样,信函调查等调查方法进行调查,用SPSS 10.0软件进行统计学处理。结果198例不同性别间P>0.05.不同性别之间生活质量无显著性差异;婚姻在发作担忧、总的生活质量、感情幸福、精力和疲劳以及中国文化调适等方面有显著性差异P<0.05,不同经济状况之间在发作担忧和药物作用方面存在显著差异P<0.05;不同学历在社会功能一项P<0.05.表示不同学历在社会功能方面有显著性意义。结论在不同性别之间成年癫痫患者的生活质量无明显不同;婚姻、学历和经济状况对患者的生活质量有不同的影响。     

成年癫痫患者抑郁、焦虑状况及生活质量调查

目的调查成年癫痫患者抑郁、焦虑的患病率及可能的危险因素;评价抑郁及焦虑对癫痫患者生活质量的影响。方法采用Beck抑郁问卷(BDI)、贝克焦虑量表(BAI)及癫痫患者生活质量量表-31(QO-LIE-31中文版),对200例成年癫痫患者的抑郁、焦虑情况及生活质量进行评估。结果在200例癫痫患者中43.5%伴发抑郁,28.5%伴发焦虑,23%伴发抑郁及焦虑。发作频繁、无有薪职业是癫痫患者伴发抑郁的重要危险因素,无有薪职业是癫痫患者伴发焦虑的危险因素。抑郁组及抑郁伴焦虑组的QOLIE-31总分及各项评分均低于非抑郁非焦虑组(P=0.000);焦虑组的QOLIE-31总分(P=0.004)及发作的担忧(P=0.019)、认知功能(P=0.009)方面的得分均低于非抑郁非焦虑组。结论抑郁和焦虑是癫痫患者常见的精神共病,严重影响了癫痫患者的生活质量。积极控制发作、为癫痫患者提供更多的就业机会是改善癫痫患者生活质量的重要因素。     

Psychometric validation of the French version of the side-effects and life satisfaction inventory (SEALS) in epileptic patients: comparison with the QOLIE-31 inventory and a generic quality of life questionnaire.

A psychometric evaluation of a French version of the side-effects and life satisfaction inventory (SEALS) was carried out. SEALS was compared to the quality of life in epilepsy-31 questionnaire (QOLIE-31) and a generic, health-related quality-of-life questionnaire, the Nottingham health profile (NHP). The psychometric properties of SEALS, assessed in 190 adult subjects with epilepsy, included: acceptability, test-retest reliability and validity, multitrait analysis including internal consistency and item-to-scale correlations, construct validity using factor analysis and discriminative validity using associations with disease characteristics and treatment effects, and, correlations with NHP and QOLIE-31 scores for convergent and divergent validity. Both acceptability and reproducibility were good and internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.92). Factor analysis with varimax rotation identified five factors: the first, related to cognitive function accounted for 26.0% of the variance. Discriminative validity was good for most treatment characteristics (tolerability, seizure control, compliance) and clinical features (epilepsy type, seizure frequency and severity, depressive symptoms). Correlations with the NHP and QOLIE-31 scores were consistently strong. It was concluded that the psychometric properties of the French translation of SEALS were similar to the original English version. In addition, SEALS provides information on quality of life that is complementary to that obtained with QOLIE-31. In particular, with respect to the QOLIE-31, the SEALS provides information on cognitive and neuropsychological aspects of impairment of quality of life, whereas the QOLIE-31 has a broader scope, taking into account multiple aspects of quality of life in epilepsy.     

成年癫痫患者生活质量-31量表的信度和效度

目的 考核QOLIE-31评价成年成年癫痫患生活质量的信度和效度。方法 采用随机抽样调查方法，用QOLIE-31量表信函调查成年癫痫患52例。计算该量表的重测信度。内部一致性信度和构建效应。结果 QOLIE-31量表具有较好的信度和效度。结论 QOLIE-31量表是一份较好的用于测量我国癫痫病人生活质量的量表。     

心理干预对癫患者生活质量影响的研究

目的调查癫患者的生活质量,评价心理干预对癫患者生活质量的影响。方法对60例符合入选标准的癫患者和正常对照者60例,进行癫患者生活质量量表-31(QOLIE-31中文版)评估,并对癫患者进行心理干预,干预后6个月再次进行癫患者生活质量量表-31评估。结果癫组较对照组生活质量明显降低(P<0.01)。心理干预治疗后,癫组生活质量评分明显增高(P<0.05)。结论癫患者生活质量明显下降,只有加强包括药物治疗、心理治疗在内的综合治疗,才能真正提高癫患者的生活质量。