imatinib对大鼠SAH后早期颅脑损伤的影响

目的研究imatinib对蛛网膜下腔出血后早期颅脑损伤的作用及相关机制。方法收集160只Wistar大鼠,先将98只大鼠分为假手术组(n=20)、SAH组(n=26)、SAH+imatinib组(n=26)、SAH+imatinib+LY294002组(n=26)。采用血管内穿刺法制作SAH模型,假手术组不刺破血管,其余操作相同。再将30只SAH大鼠分为control si RNA组(n=10)、c-Abl si RNA组(n=10)和c-Abl si RNA+imatinib组(n=10)。计算各组大鼠的病死率,采用Western blot检测p-PDGFRα、c-Abl、p-Akt、p-GSK3β蛋白水平,Tunel荧光法检测神经元凋亡,评价出血后24、72 h各组大鼠SAH严重程度、神经评分;另取32只大鼠用于检测出血后48 h脑组织含水量,伊文思蓝检测血-脑屏障通透性变化。结果 imatinib显著降低出血后24 h病死率及神经元凋亡,减轻脑水肿,减少出血后48 h伊文思蓝渗出,提高72 h后神经评分(P 0.05),但不减少出血量。出血24 h后pPDGFRα、c-Abl蛋白表达显著增加,p-Akt、p-GSK3β表达稍增加(P 0.05),imatinib显著下调p-PDGFRα、c-Abl表达,上调p-Akt、p-GSK3β的表达(P 0.05),LY294002可拮抗imatinib作用(P 0.05)。沉默c-Abl基因表达,p-GSK3β、p-Akt的表达显著增加,神经元凋亡明显减少(P 0.05),在此基础上使用imatinib对p-GSK3β、p-Akt蛋白表达及凋亡无影响(P0.05)。结论 imatinib减轻SAH早期颅脑损伤,改善神经功能,可能与抑制c-Abl、增加Akt/GSK3β磷酸化有关。     

下调硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白表达对急性脑梗死大鼠脑保护作用

目的探讨下调硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白(TXNIP)表达对急性脑梗死大鼠脑保护作用。方法 48只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、阴性对照组和TXNIP干扰组。构建大鼠缺血再灌注损伤模型。建模3 d时,行神经功能评分,分别检测大鼠脑梗死面积和神经细胞凋亡水平,以及脑组织中TXNIP基因和TXNIP、ASK1、p-ASK1和caspase-1蛋白表达。结果 TXNIP干扰组大鼠在建模3 d时,神经功能评分[(1. 65±0. 10)分]低于模型组[(2. 22±0. 55)分]和阴性对照组[(2. 49±0. 97)分](F=42. 046,P=0. 000)。TXNIP干扰组大鼠脑梗死面积[(16. 40±1. 32)%]和神经细胞凋亡率[(22. 61±2. 33)%]低于模型组[(24. 74±2. 38)%和(71. 53±6. 25)%]和阴性对照组[(23. 48±2. 72)%和(68. 23±3. 05)%](F=192. 936,F=473. 627; P 0. 05]。TXNIP干扰组大鼠脑组织中TXNIP mRNA和蛋白、p-ASK1和caspase-1蛋白相对表达量低于模型组和阴性对照组,而ASK1蛋白相对表达量高于模型组和阴性对照组(P 0. 05)。结论下调TXNIP基因表达可减少脑梗死面积和神经细胞凋亡,其机制可能与抑制促进凋亡相关蛋白ASK1磷酸化介导的细胞凋亡有关。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶在实验性蛛网膜下腔出血后早期脑损伤中的作用

目的探讨p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)在蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后早期脑损伤(EBI)中的作用。方法成年雄性SD大鼠随机分配至对照组、SAH组及p38MAPK干预组,每组18只。采用血管内穿刺法制作SAH模型,干预组于术前30 min经侧脑室注射p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580,造模后24 h处死。观察各组大鼠脑含水量和神经功能评分,RT-PCR及免疫组化检测脑组织p38MAPK表达。结果与对照组相比,SAH组大鼠脑含水量(t=-196.35,P0.01)及p38 MAPK的mRNA水平(t=-24.75,P0.01)均明显升高,神经功能评分明显减低(t=201.08,P0.01)。与SAH组相比,干预组脑含水量(t=75.67,P0.01)及p38 MAPK的mRNA水平(t=9.43,P0.01)均明显下降,神经功能评分明显升高(t=-81.68,P0.01)。免疫组化示SAH组及干预组均有p38MAPK表达,但干预组较SAH组表达水平明显下降(t=-3.37,P0.01)。结论 p38 MAPK在EBI形成机制中起重要作用,有望成为防治EBI的药物作用新靶点。     

自噬在大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血后早期脑损伤中作用的实验研究

目的探讨大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)模型中,应用激动剂rapamycin(RAP)增强自噬后观察SAH后早期大鼠神经功能评分、脑水肿和血-脑屏障(BBB)通透性的变化,以及应用抑制剂3-Methyladenine(3-MA)减弱自噬后上述指标的变化。探讨自噬在SAH后早期脑损伤(EBI)中可能的作用。方法雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为对照组、SAH组、SAH+vehicle组、SAH+RAP组和SAH+3-MA组5组,每组12只,于24 h时间点处死动物后取颞底脑皮层,利用western blot法测定自噬标志物LC3和Beclin-1的表达变化,分别观察各组大鼠神经功能评分的变化,并测定各组大鼠脑水肿和BBB通透性的变化。结果 SAH后脑皮层中LC3和Beclin-1表达较对照组明显增加(均P0.01),同时伴有明显的脑水肿(P0.01)及BBB通透性破坏(P0.01);与SAH+vehicle组相比SAH+RAP组LC3和Beclin-1的表达明显增加(均P0.05),脑水肿指数下降(P0.01),BBB通透性好转(P0.01),同时大鼠的神经功能评分明显好转(P0.01)。而SAH+3-MA组与SAH+vehicle组相比,LC3和Beclin-1的表达明显下降(均P0.01),大鼠神经功能评分变差(P0.05)。结论应用RAP干预自噬后,LC3和Beclin-1的表达明显增高,自噬明显增强,同时大鼠神经功能评分明显好转,脑水肿指数明显下降,BBB通透性明显好转。自噬增强后能减轻SAH后的EBI;3-MA的应用可使EBI加重。     

黄体酮减轻大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血后早期脑损伤

目的 探讨黄体酮对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后早期脑损伤(EBI)中细胞凋亡、血脑屏障(BBB)稳定性、脑水肿和死亡率方面的保护作用.方法 66只大鼠被随机分为假手术组、SAH+溶剂组、SAH+黄体酮组.于SAH模型制成后1h、6h和12h分别给予黄体酮(16毫克/千克体重)或等体积的溶剂.在SAH后24h分析不同组间大鼠在死亡率、神经功能评分、脑水肿、细胞凋亡、caspase-3及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达水平的差异.结果 与SAH+溶剂组比较,黄体酮治疗显著降低了大鼠的死亡率、细胞凋亡程度以及caspase-3水平与MMP-9的表达水平,减轻了脑水肿和伊文思蓝的渗出,提高了神经功能评分.结论 黄体酮可通过抑制细胞凋亡和稳定BBB减轻SAH后EBI.     

辛伐他汀对蛛网膜下腔出血早期脑损伤大鼠NLRP3炎性小体的表达及NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的 探究辛伐他汀(simvastatin)对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)早期脑损伤(EBI)大鼠NLRP3的表达及NF-κB信号通路的影响。方法 100只大鼠随机分为假手术(Sham)组、SAH组、Simvastatin组、NF-κB信号通路抑制剂(PJ34)组,每组25只。视交叉前池注血法构建SAH模型,建模后2h给药,Simvastatin组、PJ34组腹腔注射辛伐他汀和PJ34,另外两组腹腔注射等体积生理盐水。1次·d^-1,连续14 d。给药结束24 h后,采用Garcia评分评估造模后大鼠的神经功能;Sugawara出血量评分评价脑组织出血情况;苏木精-伊红染色、透射电镜观察脑组织病理变化与超微结构损伤;测定脑组织含水量;TUNEL染色、ELISA、免疫组化分别检测细胞凋亡情况、炎症因子表达水平与NLRP3表达情况;Western blotting检测脑组织NLRP3、Caspase-1、核因子-κB (NF-κB-p65)的表达水平。结果 与SAH组相比,Simvastatin组SAH、炎性浸润明显减轻,脑组织病理损伤明显改善,脑组织含水量、神经细胞凋亡、...     

褪黑素减轻蛛网膜下腔出血后的早期脑损伤

目的探讨褪黑素对蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后早期脑损伤(early brain injury,EBI)的保护作用。方法 69只大鼠被随机分为假手术组(假手术+溶剂)、SAH组(SAH+溶剂)、SAH+MEL组(SAH+褪黑素)。于SAH模型建立后2 h给予褪黑素(150 mg/kg)或等体积的溶剂。在SAH后24 h分析不同组间大鼠在死亡率、神经功能评分、脑水肿、血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier,BBB)完整性、细胞凋亡、caspase-3表达水平的差异。结果与SAH组比较,褪黑素的治疗显著降低了大鼠的死亡率、细胞凋亡程度以及caspase-3的表达水平,减轻了脑水肿和伊文思蓝的渗出,提高了神经功能评分(P<0.05)。结论褪黑素可能通过抑制细胞凋亡和稳定血脑屏障作用减轻蛛网膜下腔出血后的早期脑损伤。     

抑郁模型大鼠中枢G蛋白的研究

目的 探讨抑郁模型人鼠中枢部分脑区Gαi蛋白的表达水平及其与部分抗抑郁剂作用机制的关系.方法 50只大鼠随机分为氨米帕明组、两酞普兰组、联合(碳酸锂加西酞普兰)干预组、生理盐水组、空白对照组,前4组接受慢件非顶见性应激制备为抑郁模型大鼠,并分别给予相应的干预措施;以强迫游泳试验评价药物疗效,利用免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠前额皮质、海马CA3、纹状体Gαi蛋白的表达.结果 实施干预4周后各组大鼠强迫游泳不动时间明硅延长,与末接受应激的空白对照组比较差异有统计学意义(F=2.61,P＜0.05),联合干预组强迫游泳不动时间于用药第1周恢复正常(F=4.58,P＜0.05),西肤普兰组于第2周恢复止常(F=4.33,P＜0.05),氯米帕明组于第3周恢复正常(F=2.86,P＜0.05);干预结束后,生理盐水组前额皮质、海马CA3区Gαi灰度值明显较空白对照组减少(F=2.75,P＜0.05;F=2.71,P＜0.05),药物干预后各组与空白对照组则无明显差异(P＞0.05);干预结束时,各组大鼠第4次强迫游泳小动时间和各脑区Gαi灰度值没有相关性(r=-0.28～0.495,P均大于O.05).结论 抑郁模型大鼠前额皮质、海马CA3 Gαi表达升高,恢复前额皮质、海马CA3的Gαi的表达可能是抗抑郁剂的作用靶点之一.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后早期海马ADAMTS-1的表达与血脑屏障通透性的相关性研究

目的研究大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后早期海马组织中ADAMTS-l(a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type l motifs)表达情况及其与血脑屏障通透性的关系,初步探讨ADAMTS-l在实验性大鼠SAH后早期脑损伤(early brain injury,EBI)中的作用。方法成年雄性SD大鼠108只,分假手术组和SAH组。采用大鼠视交叉前池注血模型,于SAH后6、12、24、48、72 h时间点,应用Western-Blotting和RT-PCR法检测大鼠海马ADAMTS-1蛋白及mRNA表达变化,同时应用甲酰胺浸泡法检测大鼠脑内伊文氏蓝(Evans blue,EB)含量。结果大鼠SAH后6 h、12 h组海马ADAMTS-1mRNA及蛋白表达与sham组相比无统计学意义,于出血后24 h表达明显升高,48 h达到高峰,72 h后仍维持在较高水平。脑内伊文氏蓝含量亦于出血后24 h明显升高,48 h达到高峰并于72 h仍维持在较高水平。ADAMTS-1蛋白表达与脑内EB含量成正相关(r=0.936,P=0.014)。结论大鼠SAH后早期脑损伤过程中ADAMTS-l的表达与血脑屏障损伤成正相关,提示ADAMTS-l可能参与SAH后早期脑损伤的病理过程。     

Neuritin attenuates early brain injury in rats after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objectives: Early brain injury (EBI) is central to the pathological progress of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this study, we determined if neuritin protects the brain against EBI in rats and discussed the role of apoptosis pathway mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in this neuroprotective route. Methods: A total of 96 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control, sham, SAH and SAH + neuritin groups. The rat SAH model was induced by injection 0.3 mL of nonheparinized arterial blood into the prechiasmatic cistern. Mortality assay, neurological scores, brain water content measurement, Evans blue dye assay, TUNEL stain assay and Western blot analysis were performed. Results: Neuritin significantly improved the neurological scores, brain water content, blood-brain barrier (BBB) and apoptosis compared with the control and sham groups within 24 h after SAH. TUNEL staining assay results demonstrated that apoptosis was ameliorated, MMP-9 expression was reduced, whereas GRP78, CHOP, caspase-12 and ASK1 levels were markedly preserved after neuritin application. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that neuritin plays a neuroprotective role on EBI after SAH by attenuating BBB disruption, brain edema and apoptosis.     

TSG-6 Attenuates Oxidative Stress-Induced Early Brain Injury in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Partly by the HO-1 and Nox2 Pathways

BackgroundEarly brain injury (EBI) refers to acute brain injury during the first 72 h after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which is one of the major causes of poor prognosis after SAH. Here, we investigated the effect and the related mechanism of TSG-6 on EBI after SAH.Materials and methodsThe Sprague-Dawley rat model of SAH was developed by the endovascular perforation method. TSG-6 (5μg) was administered by an intraventricular injection within 1.5 h after SAH. The effects of TSG-6 on EBI were assessed by neurological score, brain water content (BWC) and TUNEL staining. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assay NF-κB/p-NF-κB expression in microglia. Protein expression levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2), Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved-caspase-3 were measured to investigate the potential mechanism. The enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed using commercially available kits.ResultsThe results showed that TSG-6 treatment alleviated the neurobehavioral dysfunction and reduced BWC and the number of TUNEL-positive neurons in EBI after SAH. TSG-6 decreased the ROS level and enhanced the enzyme activity of SOD and GSH-Px after SAH. Furthermore TSG-6 inhibited the NF-κB activation, increased the protein expression levels of HO-1 and Bcl-2 and decreased the expression levels of Nox2, Bax, and cleaved-caspase-3. The administration of TSG-6 siRNA abolished the protective effects of TSG-6 on EBI after SAH.ConclusionWe found that TSG-6 attenuated oxidative stress and apoptosis in EBI after SAH partly by inhibiting NF-κB and activating HO-1 pathway in brain tissue.     

芍药苷对蛛网膜下腔出血早期脑损伤大鼠NLRP3炎性小体表达的影响

目的 探究芍药苷(Paeoniflorin,PAE)对蛛网膜下腔出血(Subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)早期脑损伤大鼠NLR家族Pyrin域蛋白3(NLR family Pyrin domain containing 3,NLRP3)炎性小体表达的影响。方法 将60只大鼠随机分为假手术(Sham)组、模型(SAH)组、芍药苷低剂量(PAE-L)组、芍药苷高剂量(PAE-H)组; Sham组不刺破血管,其余各组采用血管内穿孔法构建SAH大鼠模型; PAE-L组、PAE-H组腹腔注射对应剂量的芍药苷(10、20 mg/kg),Sham组、SAH组腹腔注射等量0.9%氯化钠溶液,2次/d,共3 d; 采用Garcia评分法评估大鼠神经功能; SAH评分法评估蛛网膜下腔出血情况; 脑组织含水量测定评估脑水肿; 伊文思蓝(Evans blue,EB)染色评估血脑屏障通透性; 苏木精-伊红(Hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色观察大鼠脑组织病理损伤; TdT介导的dUTP末端标记法(TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling,TUNEL)染色检测神经元凋亡; 免疫荧光染色检测NLRP3、离子钙结合衔接分子-1(Ionized calcium binding adapter molecule-1,Iba-1)和髓过氧化物酶(Myeloperoxidase,MPO)表达水平; 免疫组化染色检测NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD,ASC)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸酶-1(Cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase,Caspase-1)表达水平; Western Blot检测B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X的蛋白质(Bcl-2-Associated X protein,Bax)、Caspase-3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1、白介素-1β(Interleukin-1 β,IL-1β)、IL-18、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、Iba-1和MPO表达水平。采用氧化血红蛋白(Oxygenated hemoglobin,OxyHb)构建原代皮层神经元体外SAH模型,并将其分为对照(Control)组、模型(OxyHb)组、芍药苷低剂量(PAE-L)组和芍药苷高剂量(PAE-H)组; Control组正常培养,OxyHb组、PAE-L组、PAE-H组神经元在含20 uM OxyHb的神经元培养基中培养,PAE-L组、PAE-H组分别加入对应剂量的芍药苷(10、20 uM); 各组神经元孵育48 h; 采用细胞计数试剂盒8(Cell counting kit 8,CCK8)法和TUNEL染色检测神经元活性及凋亡; Western Blot检测Bcl-2,Bax,Caspase-3的表达水平。结果 动物模型显示,Sham组大鼠脑组织未见积血,脑组织细胞结构清晰可辨; 与Sham组比较,SAH组脑组织可见大量积血,脑组织细胞排列松散,Garcia评分降低(P<0.05),SAH评分、脑含水量、EB渗出量升高(P<0.05),神经元TUNEL阳性细胞数增加(P<0.05),Bcl-2表达水平降低,Bax,Caspase 3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,IL-18,TNF-α表达水平升高(P<0.05),Iba-1和MPO阳性细胞数增加(P<0.05); 与SAH组比较,PAE-L组、PAE-H组脑组织积血减少,脑组织细胞状态趋于正常,Garcia评分升高(P<0.05),SAH评分、脑含水量、EB渗出量降低(P<0.05),神经元TUNEL阳性细胞数减少(P<0.05),Bcl-2表达水平升高,Bax,Caspase 3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,IL-18,TNF-α表达水平降低(P<0.05),Iba-1和MPO阳性细胞数减少(P<0.05)。细胞模型显示,Control组神经元形态正常; 与Control组比较,OxyHb组神经元肿胀,突触丧失,神经元活性降低,凋亡率增高(P<0.05),Bcl-2表达水平降低,Bax,Caspase 3表达水平升高(P<0.05); 与OxyHb组比较,PAE-L组、PAE-H组细胞损伤减轻,神经元活性升高,凋亡率降低(P<0.05),Bcl-2表达水平升高,Bax,Caspase 3表达水平降低(P<0.05)。结论 芍药苷能够减轻SAH后大鼠脑水肿、细胞凋亡和神经损伤,其机制可能为通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体的激活,并抑制小胶质细胞和中性粒细胞浸润,改善SAH后早期脑损伤。     

Nuclear factor‐κB/Bcl‐XL pathway is involved in the protective effect of hydrogen‐rich saline on the brain following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits

Early brain injury (EBI), a significant contributor to poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), is intimately associated with neuronal apoptosis. Recently, the protective role of hydrogen (H₂) in the brain has been widely studied, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Numerous studies have shown nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) as a crucial survival pathway in neurons. Here we investigated the role of H₂ in EBI following SAH, focusing on the NF‐κB pathway. A double blood injection model was used to produce experimental SAH, and H₂‐rich saline was injected intraperitoneally. NF‐κB activity within the occipital cortex was measured. Immunofluorescence was performed to demonstrate the activation of NF‐κB; Bcl‐xL and cleaved caspase‐3 were determined via Western blot. Gene expression of Bcl‐xL was detected by real‐time PCR, and TUNEL and Nissl staining were performed to illustrate brain injury in the occipital cortex. SAH induced a significant increase of cleaved caspase‐3. Correspondingly, TUNEL staining demonstrated obvious neuronal apoptosis following SAH. In contrast, H₂ treatment markedly increased NF‐κB activity and the expression of Bcl‐xL and decreased the level of cleaved caspase‐3. Additionally, H₂ treatment significantly reduced post‐SAH neuronal apoptosis. The current study shows that H₂ treatment alleviates EBI in the rabbits following SAH and that NF‐κB/Bcl‐xL pathway is involved in the protective role of H₂. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Fluoxetine is Neuroprotective in Early Brain Injury via its Antiinflammatory and Anti-apoptotic Effects in a Rat Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model

Fluoxetine, an anti-depressant drug, has recently been shown to provide neuroprotection in central nervous system injury, but its roles in subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether fluoxetine attenuates early brain injury(EBI) after SAH. We demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection of fluoxetine(10 mg/kg per day) significantly attenuated brain edema and blood-brain barrier(BBB) disruption, microglial activation, and neuronal apoptosis in EBI after experimental SAH, as evidenced by the reduction of brain water content and Evans blue dye extravasation, prevention of disruption of the tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, claudin-5, and occludin, a decrease of cells staining positive for Iba-1, ED-1, and TUNEL and a decline in IL-1 b, IL-6, TNF-a, MDA, 3-nitrotyrosine, and 8-OHDG levels. Moreover, fluoxetine significantly improved the neurological deficits of EBI and long-term sensorimotor behavioral deficits following SAH in a rat model. These results indicated that fluoxetine has a neuroprotective effect after experimental SAH.     

Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in rats during early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage

This study investigated the possible involvement of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in early brain injury (EBI) of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats. MMP-9 activities in hippocampus were examined at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after SAH. Laminin was detected by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis of neurons in hippocampus was observed by TUNEL. Brain water content was also examined. MMP-9 activity and the number of apoptotic neurons increased from 12 to 72 h with a peak at 24 h. Laminin was found to decrease at 12 h, reached minimum at 24 h and began to increase from 48 h, which had a negative correlation with apoptotic neurons. The changes of brain water content were found to be coincidence with that of neuronal apoptosis. Our findings suggest that MMP-9 is probably involved in the pathophysiological events of EBI after SAH, through degrading laminin which leads to neuronal anoikis of hippocampus.     

C3G通过PKA/CREB信号通路减轻成年小鼠SAH后早期脑损伤

目的 探讨矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷（C3G）对小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后早期脑损伤（EBI）的影响及作用机制。方法 取72只雄性C57小鼠随机分成6组:假手术组、SAH组、溶剂组、低剂量C3G组（10 mg/kg）、中剂量C3G组（（20 mg/kg）、高剂量C3G组（30 mg/kg）;每组12只。应用颈动脉穿刺法制作小鼠SAH模型,术后24 h进行Garcia评分和平衡木评分评估神经功能;每组小鼠随机取6只取外周血检测活性氧（ROS）和丙二醛（MDA）含量,然后取出完整脑组织进行SAH出血评分、脑水含量检测;每组剩余6只小鼠取外周血检测GSH/GSSG水平,然后取脑组织应用免疫印迹法检测PKA、p-PKA、CREB、p-CREB和GCLC表达水平。结果 与假手术组相比,SAH组小鼠神经功能评分明显下降（P<0.05）,脑水含量、SAH出血评分、外周血ROS和MDA含量均显著增加（P<0.05）,外周血GSH/GSSG比值明显下降（P<0.05）,脑组织p-PKA、p-CREB和GCLC表达明显上调（P<0.05）。C3G明显增加小鼠神经功评分（P<0.05）,明显降低SAH评分降低、脑含水量（P<0.05）,明显降低外周血ROS、MDA含量（P<0.05）,明显增加外周血GSH/GSSG比值（P<0.05）,明显下调脑组织p-PKA、p-CREB和GCLC表达（P<0.05）。结论 C3G明显改善小鼠SAH后EBI,其机制可能是抑制PKA/CREB信号通路,下调GCLC表达,进而抑制氧化应激损伤。     

凝血酶大鼠脑内注射对细胞凋亡的影响及其机制的实验研究

目的探讨凝血酶(Thrombin,TM)脑内注射对周围组织Caspase-3蛋白表达和细胞凋亡的影响。方法TM、TM 组织蛋白酶G(Cathepsin G,CATG)、TM Caspase-3抑制剂(DEVD-fmk)脑内立体定向注射制作动物模型,应用Western-blot技术检测Caspase-3蛋白表达,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果TM脑内注射后6hCaspase-3蛋白开始增加,与对照组比较差异具有显著性(P<0.01),注射后24h达高峰(P<0.01),然后逐渐下降,96h时恢复至正常水平;TM脑内注射后24h凋亡细胞数目开始增加,与对照组比较差异具有显著性(P<0.05),48h达高峰(P<0.01),然后逐渐下降。TM DEVD-fmk脑内注射后凋亡细胞数目与对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。TM CATG脑内注射后Caspase-3蛋白表达和凋亡细胞数目与对照组比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论TM通过蛋白酶激活受体-1(protease activated receptor-1,PAR-1)激活Caspase-3,诱导细胞凋亡。     

白藜芦醇对蛛网膜下腔出血后神经炎症的作用和机制研究

目的 研究白藜芦醇对蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH）后血肿区脑组织神经炎症的作用和机制。方法 将48只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为三组：假手术组,SAH组和SAH+白藜芦醇处理组,每组16只。采用枕大池两次注血法构建SAH模型。SAH组和SAH+白藜芦醇组在构建模型前15 min和构建模型后5min分别给予生理盐水或白藜芦醇各一次。于构建模型后72小时利用NSS评分评估大鼠的神经功能,然后处死大鼠并获取保存脑组织。利用ELISA检测脑组织内促炎因子IL-1,IL-6、TNF-α和抗炎因子IL-4,IL-10、TGF-β的表达水平,利用RT-PCR检测小胶质细胞M1型特征性基因IL-1β、CD32和M2型特征性基因CD206、Arginase-1的表达水平。结果 与假手术组相比,SAH组大鼠神经功能下降（P<0.05）,脑组织中促炎因子IL-1,IL-6、TNF-α和抗炎因子IL-4,IL-10、TGF-β的表达水平升高（P<0.05）,小胶质细胞M1型特征性基因IL-1β、CD32和M2型特征性基因CD206、Arginase-1的表达水平也升高（P<0.05）。与生理盐水处理组相比,白藜芦醇处理组神经功能损伤程度下降（P<0.05）,脑组织中促炎因子IL-1,IL-6、TNF-α表达水平降低、抗炎因子IL-4,IL-10、TGF-β的表达水平升高（P<0.05）,小胶质细胞M1型特征性基因IL-1β、CD32表达水平降低、M2型特征性基因CD206、Arginase-1的表达水平升高（P<0.05）。结论 白藜芦醇通过促进SAH后小胶质细胞由M1型向M2型转换,从而减轻了神经炎症和神经功能损伤。