介入治疗对脑梗死伴重度颈动脉狭窄患者近期预后的影响

目的探讨介入治疗对脑梗死伴重度颈动脉狭窄患者近期预后影响。方法选取120例颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄的脑梗死患者为研究对象,根据患者及其家属的治疗意愿,分为观察组52例和对照组68例。观察组采用自膨式支架行经皮血管内成形及支架置入术(PTAS)及药物治疗,对照组仅接受药物治疗。随访6个月,观察并记录2组NIHSS、MMSE评分变化,脑卒中和死亡事件。结果 2组的NIHSS评分变化总体趋于降低(P0.05)。1、3及6个月观察组NIHSS评分显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组的MMSE评分变化总体趋于升高(P0.05),入组3个月及6个月观察组MMSE评分显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PTAS治疗措施能有效改善颈动脉颅外段狭窄患者的康复预后,值得临床推广和应用。     

经皮血管内成形及支架置入术治疗脑梗死伴重度颈动脉狭窄的研究

目的探讨脑梗死伴颈动脉狭窄患者采用经皮血管内成形及支架置入术治疗的可行性与安全性。方法选择2016-05—2017-05的脑梗死伴重度颈动脉狭窄的69例患者为研究对象,分为对照组(34例)与观察组(35例)。对照组只是单纯药物治疗,观察组采用经皮血管内成形及支架置入术治疗,比较2组患者治疗效果与安全性。结果观察组NIHSS评分降低幅度比对照组高,2组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组脑梗死复发率与病死率分别为2.86%、2.86%,对照组脑梗死复发率与病死率分别为17.65%、11.76%。观察组复发率与病死率明显低于对照组,2组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑梗死伴重度颈动脉狭窄患者采用经皮血管内成形及支架置入术治疗,有助于减少患者复发率与病死率。经皮血管内成形及支架置入术治疗脑梗死伴重度颈动脉狭窄疾病具有较高的可行性与安全性。     

无症状性ICA患者行颈动脉支架置入术对认知功能的影响

目的 探讨颈动脉支架置入术对无症状性颈动脉高度狭窄患者认知功能的影响。方法 以本院2012年2月～2014年2月治疗的96例行颈动脉支架置入术的无症状性颈动脉高度狭窄患者为研究组,以同期90例行常规内科治疗的无症状性颈动脉高度狭窄患者为对照组,分别在治疗前3 d和治疗后3个月采用连线测验(TMTa、TMTb)、简易智能量表(MMSE)、阿尔茨海默病评估量表认知部分(ADAS-Cog)评估患者的认知功能。结果 研究组患者治疗前3 d颈动脉狭窄为(79.51±6.02)%,治疗后3个月残余狭窄为(13.52±6.01)%,治疗后3个月狭窄程度较治疗前3 d有明显改善(P<0.05); 治疗后研究组狭窄程度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。与治疗前3 d相比,研究组治疗后3个月患者的MMSE评分明显增加(P<0.05),TMTa、TMTb和ADAS-Cog评分均明显降低(P<0.05); 治疗3个月研究组各指标均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 颈动脉高度狭窄可能造成患者认知功能损伤,即使是无症状的此类患者,行颈动脉支架置入术对患者的认知功能也具有一定的改善作用,并且可降低颈动脉狭窄程度。     

颈动脉狭窄对老年患者认知功能影响的随访研究

目的 探讨颈动脉狭窄对老年患者认知功能的影响. 方法 在第三军医大学大坪医院住院部和门诊患者中经简明智能状态量表(MMSE)筛选认知功能正常的老年患者215例,通过颈颅联合CT血管造影(CTA)和(或)数字减影脑血管造影(DSA)等方法 ,确定有无颈动脉狭窄和狭窄程度.分颈动脉重度狭窄(狭窄率≥70%)组.颈动脉中度狭窄(狭窄度30%～69%)组,颈动脉轻度狭窄(狭窄度10%～29%)组和基本正常组(狭窄度<10%),1年后采用MMSE检测认知功能及其损害,比较不同颈动脉狭窄组患者认知损害的发生情况以及认知功能下降程度. 结果 经过1年随访,颈动脉重度狭窄患者认知损害发生率(43.1%)高于颈动脉中度狭窄组(22.8%)、颈动脉轻度组(8.3%)和颈动脉基本正常组(8.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).各组MMSE评分均降低,其中颈动脉重度狭窄组MMSE评分(19.85±7.54)低于颈动脉中度狭窄组(22.71±5.73)、颈动脉轻度狭窄组(25.32±4.22)和颈动脉基本正常组(25.25±4.36),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 颈动脉狭窄可导致老年人认知功能损害的发生.并且认知功能损害随颈动脉狭窄程度加重而加重.     

2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄对认知功能障碍的影响

目的研究2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能障碍的发生率,探讨2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄及其严重程度与认知功能障碍的关系。方法选择2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄的患者(A组)、2型糖尿病无颈动脉狭窄患者(B组)、健康查体者(C组)各50例为研究对象。颈动脉狭窄根据彩色多普勒超声判断。对3组患者应用简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知功能评估量表(MoCA)进行认知功能的测定,比较3组患者认知功能障碍的发生率。结果 A组MMSE总评分(23.8±1.82)显著低于B组(26.2±1.53)和C组(29.5±2.01)(均P<0.05);A组MoCA总评分(21.32±1.65))显著低于B组(24.22±1.59)和C组(27.62±2.25)(均P<0.05)。以MMSE评分标准判断,A组的认知功能障碍发生率(21.0%)显著高于B组(14.0%)和C组(8.0%);以MoCA评分为标准,A组的认知功能障碍发生率(24.0%)显著高于B组(16.0%)和C组(6.0%)(均P<0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能障碍的发生率明显增高。     

颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能障碍临床分析

目的探讨颈动脉狭窄与认知功能障碍之间的关系。方法选取颈动脉狭窄组80例和对照组78例,两组患者年龄、性别和文化程度比较差异无统计学意义。所有患者均予颈部MRA及颈动脉彩超检查,并进行MMSE及MoCA评定,同时对脑血管病常见危险因素进行登记。所有数据采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行分析。结果 80例颈动脉狭窄患者均经颈部MRA及血管超声检查证实,其中轻度狭窄32例(40%),中度狭窄26例(32.5%),重度狭窄16例(20%),完全闭塞6例(7.5%)。颈动脉狭窄组无论MMSE还是MoCA评分均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义。随着颈动脉狭窄程度的加重,Mo-CA及MMSE评分越低,两两比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论颈动脉狭窄存在认知功能障碍,且随着狭窄程度加重而加重,糖尿病、高血脂、高血压、吸烟是颈动脉狭窄的危险因素。     

支架植入手术对颈动脉狭窄合并认知功能障碍患者术后脑血流动力学变化的影响

目的探讨支架植入手术对颈动脉狭窄合并认知功能障碍患者术后脑血流动力学变化的影响。方法选取我院2010-01—2014-12收治的30例颈动脉狭窄合并认知功能障碍患者,所有患者均行支架植入手术,手术前后分别采用简易精神评估量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知估量表(MoCA)评价认知功能,观察治疗效果。结果手术前MMSE和MoCA评分显著低于术后3个月,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后rCBF与rTTP低于术前,其他高于术前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);患者术后血液流变参数均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论支架植入手术有利于改善患者脑血流动力学变化情况,也提高了患者的认知功能,有利于患者早日康复。     

支架成形术对重度颈动脉狭窄病人脑灌注及认知功能的影响

目的 探讨重度颈动脉狭窄支架成形术后脑灌注和认知功能障碍的变化。方法 2014年1~12月行血管内支架成形术治疗重度（狭窄≥75%）颈动脉狭窄20例。术前5 d、术后3周采用320排螺旋CT评估脑灌注,用蒙特利尔国际认知评估量表（MoCA）评分评估认知功能。结果 重度颈动脉狭窄支架成形术后脑灌注指标脑血流量、脑血容量、平均通过时间、达峰时间较术前均明显改善（P<0.05）;重度颈动脉狭窄病人术后认知功能MoCA评分[（26.3±2.2）分较从术前5 d[（23.3±1.7）分]明显提高（P<0.05）。结论 重度颈动脉狭窄病人存在不同程度低灌注和认知功能障碍,支架成形术可以改善脑灌注,改善病人认知功能。     

颈动脉支架置入术与颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄的近期疗效及安全性观察

目的分析颈动脉狭窄患者分别行支架置入术及内膜切除术后的安全性及近期临床疗效。方法 80例颈动脉狭窄患者经会诊及患者同意后,按照手术方案不同分为CEA组和CAS组。其中CEA组40例行内膜切除术,CAS组40例行支架置入术。比较2组近期疗效及相关并发症情况。结果 2组治疗前后NIHSS评分比较无明显差异(P0.05),组内治疗后评分(4.1±1.7,3.9±1.8)均较治疗前(6.5±2.4,6.3±3.1)明显降低(P0.05);随访6个月,CEA组颈动脉再狭窄率5.0%,与CAS组的7.5%比较无明显差异(P0.05);不良反应组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颈动脉支架置入术及内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄疗效无差异。支架置入术患者住院时间短,恢复较快,且术后并发症较少,安全性较高。     

颈动脉支架术对患者认知功能影响的研究

目的 探讨颈动脉支架置入术对患者认知功能的影响.方法 对比32例颈动脉狭窄患者实施颈动脉支架置入术前、术后1、3、6个月简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评分、P300潜伏期变化,观察患者认知功能的改变,同时记录患者卒中复发情况.结果 所有患者均成功植入支架,无并发症出现,MMSE、P300均显著改善,且无卒中复发现象发生.结论 颈动脉狭窄是导致认知功能障碍的原因之一,颈动脉支架置入术可有效改善患者的认知功能.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.