男性痴呆患者血清性激素的变化

目的:观察阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)男性患者血清性激素及促性腺激素的变化。方法:老年男性共114人,其中AD 3 2例;VD 3 0例;无痴呆正常老年人5 2名。采用化学发光法测定血中黄体生成素(LH )、促卵泡成熟素(FSH)、雌二醇(E2 )、催乳素(PRL)、睾酮(T)的含量,并计算E2 /T的比值。结果:AD组及VD组患者血清T水平较正常对照组低,差别有显著意义(P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1)。VD组患者血清E2 /T较正常对照组显著升高;也较AD组明显升高(P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 )。AD、VD组患者血清E2 、LH、FSH、PRL与正常对照组比较,差别均无显著意义(P >0 .0 5 )。结论:老年男性AD及VD患者血清T水平降低。     

Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of vascular dementia: the Hisayama study]

We studied the type-specific prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of vascular dementia in elderly persons from a Japanese community of Hisayama. In 1985, we performed a screening survey of dementia among 887 Hisayama residents > or = 65 years or older (screening rate, 95%), using clinical information and Hasegawa's dementia scale, and consequently, determined 59 subjects as demented. Of these, 58 cases underwent brain examinations at autopsy and/or computed tomography during the subsequent 12.5 years. Among the 58 cases of dementia, the frequency of vascular dementia (VD) was 43%: the rate was 2 times higher than that for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the subjects of VD, the most frequent type of stroke was due to small-artery disease, which caused multiple lacunar infarction (40%) and Binswanger's disease (12%). We also followed the 826 nondemented subjects for 7 years starting in 1985 in order to determine the type-specific incidence of dementia and its risk factors in the general population. The age-adjusted total incidence (per 1,000 person-years) of dementia was 19.3 for men and 20.9 for women. The corresponding rates of VD were 12.2 for men and 9.0 for women, and for AD 5.1 for men and 10.9 for women. Among the VD subjects whose brain morphology was examined, the most frequent type of stroke was multiple lacunar infarcts (42%), but half these subjects lacked a stroke episode in their histories. Multivariate analysis showed that age, prior stroke episodes, systolic blood pressure, and alcohol consumption were significant risk factors for the occurrence of VD.     

Education,occupation, and prevalence of dementia: findings from the Conselice study

Information about the epidemiology of dementia in Italy is still limited, although this cognitive disorder represents a serious public health concern. We estimated the prevalence of dementia and dementia subtypes in the elderly population of a Northern Italian municipality, Conselice, in the Emilia Romagna region (n = 1,016 subjects aged 65-97 years). The associations of dementia with two modifiable risk factors, education and occupation, were also evaluated. Overall dementia prevalence was 5.9% (95% confidence interval 4.3-7.8), exponentially increased with age, and was higher among women. Of the dementia cases, 50% were Alzheimer's disease (AD), but an unusually high prevalence (45%) was found for vascular dementia (VD). After adjustment for age and gender, education but not occupation was associated with both AD and VD. This association could not be explained by occupation, life habits, and previous history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease.     

The neurofilament heavy chain (NfH) in the cerebrospinal fluid diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Attempting to improve the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the neurofilament heavy chain isoform, NfH(SMI35) was compared to other CSF markers [total tau, phospho-tau, amyloid beta 1-42 (Abeta42), the ratio of amyloid beta fragments Abeta42/Abeta40 (Abeta ratio)]. METHODS: CSF levels were determined in patients with AD (n = 109), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 25), frontotemporal dementia (n = 15), vascular dementia (VD, n = 41), and controls (n = 58). RESULTS: CSF NfH(SMI35) was elevated in AD and VD as compared to controls (p < 0.05). Total tau was higher in AD as compared to controls (p < 0.05). CSF phospho-tau was elevated in AD as compared to controls and VD (p < 0.05 each). CSF Abeta42 and Abeta ratios in AD were lower than in MCI and controls (p < 0.05 each). CONCLUSION: The diagnostic potential of NfH(SMI35) is not superior to that of other CSF markers.     

Prevalence of dementia disorders in the oldest-old: an autopsy study

The prevalence of Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) increases with advancing age, but less so after age 90 years. A retrospective hospital-based study of the relative prevalence of different disorders was performed in 1,110 consecutive autopsy cases of demented elderly in Vienna, Austria (66% females, MMSE <20; mean age 83.3 ± 5.4 SD years). It assessed clinical, general autopsy data and neuropathology including immunohistochemistry. Neuropathologic diagnosis followed current consensus criteria. Four age groups (7–10th decade) were evaluated. In the total cohort AD pathology was seen in 82.9% (“pure” AD 42.9%; AD + other pathologies 39.9%), VD in 10.8% (mixed dementia, MIX, i.e. AD + vascular encephalopathy in 5.5%); other disorders in 5.7%, and negative pathology in 0.8%. The relative prevalence of AD increased from age 60 to 89 years and decreased slightly after age 90+, while “pure” VD diagnosed in the presence of vascular encephalopathy of different types with low neuritic AD pathology (Braak stages <3; mean 1.2–1.6) decreased progressively from age 60 to 90+; 85–95% of these patients had histories of diabetes, morphologic signs of hypertension, 65% myocardial infarction/cardiac decompensation, and 75% a history of stroke(s). Morphologic subtypes, subcortical arteriosclerotic (the most frequent), multi-infarct encephalopathy, and strategic infarct dementia showed no age-related differences. The relative prevalence of AD + Lewy pathology remained fairly constant with increasing age. Mixed dementia and AD with minor cerebrovascular lesions increased significantly with age, while other dementias decreased. This retrospective study using strict morphologic criteria confirmed increased prevalence of AD with age, but mild decline at age 90+, and progressive decline of VD, while AD + vascular pathologies including MIX showed considerable age-related increase, confirming that mixed pathologies account for most dementia cases in very old persons. A prospective clinicopathologic study in oldest-old subjects showed a significant increase in both AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), but decrease in VD over age 85, while in a small group of old subjects CAA without considerable AD pathology may be an independent risk factor for cognitive decline.     

Seizures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia: A population‐based nested case–control analysis

Purpose: Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have an increased risk of developing seizures or epilepsy. Little is known about the role of risk factors and about the risk of developing seizures/epilepsy in patients with vascular dementia (VD). The aim of this study was to assess incidence rates (IRs) of seizures/epilepsy in patients with AD, VD, or without dementia, and to identify potential risk factors of seizures or epilepsy. Methods: We conducted a follow‐up study with a nested case–control analysis using the United Kingdom–based General Practice Research Database (GPRD). We identified patients aged ≥65 years with an incident diagnosis of AD or VD between 1998 and 2008 and a matched comparison group of dementia‐free patients. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of developing seizures/epilepsy in patients with AD or VD, stratified by age at onset and duration of dementia as well as by use of antidementia drugs. Key Findings: Among 7,086 cases with AD, 4,438 with VD, and 11,524 matched dementia‐free patients, we identified 180 cases with an incident diagnosis of seizures/epilepsy. The IRs of epilepsy/seizures for patients with AD or VD were 5.6/1,000 person‐years (py) (95% CI 4.6–6.9) and 7.5/1,000 py (95% CI 5.7–9.7), respectively, and 0.8/1,000 py (95% CI 0.6–1.1) in the dementia‐free group. In the nested case–control analysis, patients with longer standing (≥3 years) AD had a slightly higher risk of developing seizures or epilepsy than those with a shorter disease duration, whereas in patients with VD the contrary was observed. Significance: Seizures or epilepsy were substantially more common in patients with AD and VD than in dementia‐free patients. The role of disease duration as a risk factor for seizures/epilepsy seems to differ between AD and VD.     

Alzheimer病和血管性痴呆患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性分析

探讨ApoE多态性与Alzheimer病（AD）和血管性痴呆（VD）的关系。方法：应用PCR—RFLP技术分析25例AD,30例VD及40例对照组人群的ApoE基因型。结果：与对照组相比较,AD和VD患者ε3频率降低（P＜0．05）,ε4频率升高（P＜0．05）,两组患者间各等位基因频率差异无统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：ApoE多态性与AD和VD的发病机制相关,其在这两种疾病中的作用相似。     

Cerebrospinal fluid protein tau levels in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

Tau protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was determined in 55 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 18 patients with vascular dementia (VD), 19 patients with dementia caused by other disorders and 14 patients with major depression. Significantly (p < 0.05) elevated protein tau concentrations were found in AD patients (564.5 +/- 275.5 pg/ml) compared to all other patient groups (VD: 406.5 +/- 263.9 pg/ml; other dementia: 275.0 +/- 135.4 pg/ml; depression: 212.9 +/- 115.6 pg/ml). However, tau levels in AD patients covered a broad range (163.2 pg/ml-1200 pg/ml). AD patients with tau levels below the 25%-percentile of the distribution (among them a high percentage of patients with presenile onset) showed tau levels similar to those of the patients with late life depression. No significant correlations between tau levels and clinical variables such as severity of dementia, age, age of onset, duration of illness, and cerebral changes as assessed by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging could be demonstrated. Similarly, we could not find an influence of either APO-E genotype or psychotropic medication on the tau levels in AD patients. In accordance with other studies our results confirm elevated tau levels in AD compared to elderly not demented control subjects. Comparing groups, this finding applies as well with respect to VD and other dementing disorders. However, elevated tau levels cannot be detected in a subgroup of AD patients. This finding needs to be further investigated in future studies.     

Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆患者认知功能对照研究

目的探讨Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆患者认知功能状况及其之间差异。方法对36例临床诊断的Alzheimer病、35例血管性痴呆患者及35例健康人进行了事件相关电位(ERP)和简易智力状态检查(MMSE)测试。结果Alzheimer病组、血管性痴呆组ERP测定的异常率为94.4%(34/36)和85.7%(30/35),两组ERP中N2、P3波潜伏期较正常对照组延长,P3波幅降低,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);而Alzheimer病组ERP测定N2、P3波潜伏期较血管性痴呆组延长,P3波幅降低,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Alzheimer病组、血管性痴呆组MMSE量表总分值与分量表得分值较正常组降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05);Alzheimer病组与血管性痴呆组比较,在MMSE量表总分、时间定向及物体命名等分值明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆患者均存在明显的认知功能减退,且Alzheimer病认知损害更为明显。     

Serum levels of coenzyme Q10 in patients with Alzheimer's disease

Summary. We compared serum levels of coenzyme Q₁₀ and the coenzyme Q₁₀/cholesterol ratio in 44 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 17 patients with vascular dementia (VD), and 21 matched controls. The mean serum coenzyme Q₁₀ and cholesterol levels and the coenzyme Q₁₀/cholesterol ratio of patients with AD or VD did not differ significantly from those of controls. Coenzyme Q₁₀ levels and coenzyme Q₁₀/cholesterol ratio of AD or VD patients were not correlated with age, age at onset, duration of the disease or scores of the MiniMental State Examination. These results suggest that these values are not related with the risk for AD or VD. Received July 19, 1999; accepted October 14, 1999     

Presenilin-1 polymorphism in patients with Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and alcohol-associated dementia in Japanese population

We investigated the genetic association between intronic polymorphism in Presenilin-1 (PS-1) gene and patients with various types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD) and alcohol associated dementia (ALD), in Japanese population. Homozygosity for allele 1 of the PS-1 polymorphism was significantly increased in late-onset sporadic AD, but not in early-onset sporadic AD, familial AD, VD and ALD. When late-onset sporadic AD patients were divided on the basis of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, homozygosity for the allele 1 of the PS-1 polymorphism was significantly increased in patients with late-onset sporadic AD without APOE εe 4 allele, but not in those with APOE εe 4 allele. Intronic mutation in PS-1 gene may be specific and one of the genetic risk factor for late-onset sporadic AD.     

Markers of endothelial dysfunction in older subjects with late onset Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia

A consistent amount of evidence suggests that vascular factors might be involved in the pathogenesis of late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). We evaluated the presence of endothelial dysfunction by measuring the plasma levels of soluble E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in a sample of patients affected by LOAD (n. 60) or vascular dementia (VD: n. 80). They were compared with a sample of older patients with cerebrovascular disease but not-dementia (CDND: n. 40), and with a sample of healthy older controls (n. 30). sVCAM-1 plasma levels were higher in LOAD and VD compared with controls. Among patients (LOAD, VD, and CDND), sE-selectin levels were higher in individuals with most severe cerebrovascular disease on CT scan. At multivariate regression analysis, fasting glucose (p<0.05) and TNF-alpha levels (p<0.02) were positively correlated with sE-selectin levels (adjusted r(2): 20%), while sVCAM-1 was positively correlated with age (p<0.01), and alcohol consumption (p: 0.03), and negatively associated with HDL-C levels (p: 0.005), (p<0.01; adjusted r(2): 44%), independent of possible confounders. Increased sVCAM-1 plasma levels in LOAD and VD suggest the existence of endothelial dysfunction in both types of dementia. The possible role of E-selectin in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disease is also supported by our data.     

The accuracy of early diagnosis and predictors of death in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia--a follow-up study

A total of 87 patients with mild or moderate degree of dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD) or vascular dementia (VD) was identified (DSM-III criteria), and their cognitive capacity was evaluated by means of rating scales and psychometric tests. Three years later 30 patients (34%) were dead. Significantly more VD than AD patients died. Eight of the survivors declined to participate in a follow-up study, and 1 patient was excluded by mistake. Of the survivors, 17 had indisputably suffered cognitive decline during the follow-up period (4 VD and 13 AD, 35%). In the case of 11 patients (2 VD and 9 AD) cognitive decline remained doubtful, and 20 patients (9 VD and 11 AD, 42%) underwent no intellectual deterioration during the follow-up period. The results underline the problems of early diagnosis of dementia according to DSM-III criteria. For both sexes a high ischemia score and a low body mass index predicted death. A low score on a verbal fluency test predicted death for men but not for women, and a high difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased the risk of death for men but not for women.     

听觉P300对血管性痴呆早期诊断及鉴别诊断的价值

目的探讨P300对血管性痴呆(VD)的早期诊断及与Alzheimer病(AD)鉴别的价值.方法分别对20名正常人(NC)、20例VD患者、24例无痴呆脑梗死患者(CI)及20例AD患者进行神经心理学量表长谷川智力量表(HDS)评分,并选用听觉oddball序列分别对上述各组进行P300测试.结果 (1)VD组与CI组及NC组比较,N2、P3潜伏期(PL)明显延长(均P<0.05);P3PL与HDS评分呈负相关(r=-0.686,P＜0.01),且较HDS更为敏感;梗死部位与P300变化有一定关系,梗死位于颞叶、额叶的患者与其他梗死部位的患者相比,P3PL异常率明显增高(P＜0.05).(2)AD组与VD组相比,N1 PL更长,差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 (1)P300对VD的早期诊断具有重要意义.(2)N1PL在VD与AD的鉴别诊断中有一定的意义.     

阿尔茨海默病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的 分析阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性,探讨血管因素在AD发病和病情变化中的作用. 方法 采用病例对照的研究方法 ,收集自2005年7月至2007年7月广州市脑科医院门诊和住院部收治的64例AD,42例VD患者,采用彩色多普勒检测颈总动脉(CCA)距分叉2 cm处,颈内动脉(ICA)距起始段膨大部位远端1.0～1.5cm处,观察动脉形态、颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、动脉硬化斑块的形态大小和血管内径等.同期来院健康体检者为对照组(69例).痴呆患者行简易智能评分(MMSE). 结果痴呆患者IMT明显增加,内径明显扩大,斑块的发生率明显增高,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).但AD和VD两组患者相比较,IMT与斑块发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).颈动脉粥样硬化程度及斑块与痴呆评分呈负相关(r=-0.389,P=0.000). 结论 颈动脉粥样硬化的形成与AD和VD发病密切相关,硬化程度与痴呆程度明显相关.     

阿尔茨海默病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的 分析阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性,探讨血管因素在AD发病和病情变化中的作用. 方法 采用病例对照的研究方法 ,收集自2005年7月至2007年7月广州市脑科医院门诊和住院部收治的64例AD,42例VD患者,采用彩色多普勒检测颈总动脉(CCA)距分叉2 cm处,颈内动脉(ICA)距起始段膨大部位远端1.0～1.5cm处,观察动脉形态、颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、动脉硬化斑块的形态大小和血管内径等.同期来院健康体检者为对照组(69例).痴呆患者行简易智能评分(MMSE). 结果痴呆患者IMT明显增加,内径明显扩大,斑块的发生率明显增高,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).但AD和VD两组患者相比较,IMT与斑块发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).颈动脉粥样硬化程度及斑块与痴呆评分呈负相关(r=-0.389,P=0.000). 结论 颈动脉粥样硬化的形成与AD和VD发病密切相关,硬化程度与痴呆程度明显相关.     

阿尔茨海默病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的 分析阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性,探讨血管因素在AD发病和病情变化中的作用. 方法 采用病例对照的研究方法 ,收集自2005年7月至2007年7月广州市脑科医院门诊和住院部收治的64例AD,42例VD患者,采用彩色多普勒检测颈总动脉(CCA)距分叉2 cm处,颈内动脉(ICA)距起始段膨大部位远端1.0～1.5cm处,观察动脉形态、颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、动脉硬化斑块的形态大小和血管内径等.同期来院健康体检者为对照组(69例).痴呆患者行简易智能评分(MMSE). 结果痴呆患者IMT明显增加,内径明显扩大,斑块的发生率明显增高,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).但AD和VD两组患者相比较,IMT与斑块发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).颈动脉粥样硬化程度及斑块与痴呆评分呈负相关(r=-0.389,P=0.000). 结论 颈动脉粥样硬化的形成与AD和VD发病密切相关,硬化程度与痴呆程度明显相关.     

Lack of association between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and vascular dementia in Koreans

To investigate an association of vascular dementia (VD) with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism, the APOE polymorphism of 100 VD patients, 100 age- and gender-matched Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, and 200 age- and gender-matched nondemented control (NC) subjects was genotyped. The distribution of APOE polymorphism was compared. Neither the APOE epsilon4 allele nor the APOE epsilon2 allele was more prevalent in the VD patients compared with the NC subjects (P > .1 by the chi 2 test), which was the case when both men and women were analyzed separately (P > .1 by the chi2 test) and when young patients (75 years old or less) and old patients (more than 75 years old) were analyzed separately (P > .1 by the chi2 test). The estimated statistical power was over 0.80 when the odds ratios (OR) for VD conferred to the APOE epsilon4 are assumed to be higher than 2.2 and the type I error probability is set at 0.05, which is much higher than the power of the previous studies on the VD/APOE association. In conclusion, the results suggested that APOE epsilon4 allele does not confer the risk for VD, and even if it does, it does so very modestly.     

脑脊液中β淀粉样蛋白检测对老年期痴呆的诊断意义

目的　研究阿尔茨海默病（AD）和血管性痴呆（VD）患者脑脊液(CSF)中β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ或βA     

阿尔茨海默病与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的 分析阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性,探讨血管因素在AD发病和病情变化中的作用. 方法 采用病例对照的研究方法 ,收集自2005年7月至2007年7月广州市脑科医院门诊和住院部收治的64例AD,42例VD患者,采用彩色多普勒检测颈总动脉(CCA)距分叉2 cm处,颈内动脉(ICA)距起始段膨大部位远端1.0～1.5cm处,观察动脉形态、颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、动脉硬化斑块的形态大小和血管内径等.同期来院健康体检者为对照组(69例).痴呆患者行简易智能评分(MMSE). 结果痴呆患者IMT明显增加,内径明显扩大,斑块的发生率明显增高,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).但AD和VD两组患者相比较,IMT与斑块发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).颈动脉粥样硬化程度及斑块与痴呆评分呈负相关(r=-0.389,P=0.000). 结论 颈动脉粥样硬化的形成与AD和VD发病密切相关,硬化程度与痴呆程度明显相关.