Wistar鼠全脑反复缺血再灌流6脑区中精氨酸加压素含量的动态研究

精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）是脑内重要的神经递质，本研究采用４血管关闭的方法，制造Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠全脑反复缺血再灌流长期生存动物模型，然后利用放免方法测定了缺血后存活不同时间大鼠额叶、颞叶、海马、丘脑、纹状体、脑干６个脑区的ＡＶＰ含量。发现缺血即刻各脑区ＡＶＰ无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５），缺血后１５天显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），３０天时继续下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），６０天时变化方趋稳定，９０天和１８０天时和对照组比较仍有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示ＡＶＰ下降与脑对缺血选择易损伤性有关，ＡＶＰ参与了脑缺血病理生理的全过程。     

Wistar鼠全脑反复缺血再灌流6脑区中精氨酸加压素含量…

精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）是脑内重要的神经递质，本研究采用４血管关闭的方法，制造Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠全脑反复缺血再灌流长期生存动物模型，然后利用放免方法测定了缺血后存活不同时间大鼠额叶，颞叶，海马，丘脑，纹状体，脑干６个脑区的ＡＶＰ含量。发现缺血即刻各脑区ＡＶＰ无显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５），缺血后１５天显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），３０天时继续下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），６０时变化方趋稳定，９０天和１８０天时和对照组比     

活体溶出伏安法测定鼠脑缺血时纹状体单胺神经递质的含量变化

应用活体溶出伏安法（ＩＶＶ）连续测定沙土鼠脑缺血再灌流模型纹状体单胺类神经递质多巴胺（ＤＡ）５－羟吲哚乙酸（５－ＨＩＡＡ），并同期测定鼠脑皮质灌流量、脑电活动及腐胶含量。结果发现：１、脑缺血期纹状体ＤＡ与５－ＨＩＡＡ显著增高；再灌流期ＤＡ明显下降，５－ＨＩＡＡ仅在１５ｍｉｎ时有一过性降低，但两者均明显高于缺血前水平。２、脑缺血时脑皮质灌流量显著下降（下降９５％），相应时间的脑电活动明显抑制；再灌流期皮质灌流量有所恢复，但仍明显低于缺血前（约为其３０％），脑电活动亦无恢复。３、脑缺血时脑皮质腐胺含量下降，而再灌流３０ｍｉｎ时显著增高，在９０ｍｉｎ时恢复至正常水平。     

大鼠局部脑缺血再灌流的实验研究

采用大鼠局部脑缺血再灌流模型，研究了大鼠脑缺血６ｈ、９ｈ和缺血６ｈ再灌流３ｈ脑梗塞体积，脑含水量，能量代谢，丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的变化。结果：脑缺血６ｈ、９ｈ可以造成严重的脑梗塞和脑水肿，ＡＴＰ含量和ＳＯＤ活性显著降低，乳酸和ＭＤＡ含量显著增加，和对照组相比均有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．００１）。再灌组和缺血两组比较，脑梗塞体积，脑水肿无明显差别（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＡＴＰ、乳酸、ＳＯＤ和ＭＤＡ均有不程度的改善。提示，大鼠局部脑缺血超过６ｈ可造成严重的脑损伤，并随缺血时间的再延长，脑损伤变化趋于平缓。再灌后，脑损伤未见明显加重。     

缺血性认知障碍大鼠多脑区内神经肽含量的变化

为了解缺血性认知障碍时脑区内神经肽含量的变化，应用Ｐｕｌｓｉｎｅｌｉ４条血管闭塞方法（４ＶＯ）制作Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠认知障碍动物模型，用水迷宫试验定量研究了模型组大鼠的行为学改变。结果：模型组与对照组相比，在水迷宫中游全程时间显著延长，正确次数显著减少，说明动物模型是成功的，发生了严重的学习记忆障碍。同时采用国际上标准的放射免疫测定法，测定了模型５个脑区（额区皮质、颞区皮质、海马、丘脑和纹状体）中生长抑素（ＳＳ）、精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）的含量。结果发现，模型组的额区皮质、颞区皮质、海马、丘脑和纹状体中ＳＳ相对含量分别为对照组的６０％，６８％，６８％，６１％，５２％，模型组和对照组相比，ＳＳ在５个脑区中显著降低（降低３２％～４８％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。模型组的ＡＶＰ相对含量分别为对照组的３２％，７３％，５７％，４８％，５９％，模型组５个脑区的ＡＶＰ含量和对照组相比显著降低（降低２７％～６８％，Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示动物学习、记忆障碍可能与脑缺血后ＳＳ和ＡＶＰ含量下降有关。     

反复脑缺血后痴呆大鼠皮质钙分布及生长抑素含量变化

目的：探讨反复脑缺血后痴呆大鼠皮质内钙分布及生长抑素含量的变化。方法：采用ＳＤ大鼠４－血管阻断、脑反复缺血再灌注方法,制作缺血痴呆动物模型,水迷宫和跳台试验观察学习、记忆的变化,电镜观察破质钙颗粒的分布情况,放射免疫法测定丘脑和海马区生长抑素含量的变化。结果：缺血痴呆动物脑中神经元及胶质细胞均见钙颗粒分布于损伤细胞的线粒体及细胞浆空泡内;丘脑和海马区生长抑素含量与对照组比较明显减少（Ｐ〈０．０５）     

反复性脑缺血大脑皮质LTC_4、cAMP和OFR的代谢变化

目的：研究反复脑缺血大脑皮质白三烯（ＬＴＣ４）、环腺苷酸（ｃＡＭＰ）和氧自由基（ＯＦＲ）的代谢变化与神经元损伤的关系。方法：对比观察大鼠反复性与单次性脑缺血大脑皮质ＬＴＣ４、ｃＡＭＰ、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的含量变化及相应的病理改变。结果：反复缺血及再灌流早期ＬＴＣ１、ｃＡＭＰ的含量明显升高,ＳＯＤ活性显著降低,ＭＤＡ延迟性持续显著增高,皮质神经元损害显著重于单次缺血组。结论：ＬＴＣ４、ｃＡＭＰ和 ＯＦＲ均参与了反复缺血性脑损害的病理机制,可能与 Ｃａ＋＋介导的花生四烯酸（ＡＡ）瀑布效应有关。     

血管性痴呆大鼠脑区和血浆中β－内啡肽含量的变化

采用Ｐｕｌｓｉｎｅｌｌｉ４血管闭塞法（４ＶＯ）的改良法建立大鼠血管性痴呆（ＶＤ）动物模型，用Ｔ型水迷宫试验检查动物的学习和记忆能力，并以放射免疫测定法测定ＶＤ大鼠４个脑区（额叶皮质、海马、丘脑和纹状体）和周围血浆中β－内啡肽（β－ＥＰ）含量。结果表明，ＶＤ组大鼠出现严重的学习、记忆障碍的同时其额叶皮质、海马丘脑和纹状体中β－ＥＰ含量分别为相应对照组的４１％、６６％、６８％和４３％，比对照组显著降低（降低３２％～５９％，Ｐ＜０．０５）。血浆β－ＥＰ含量在两组间则无显著差异。提示ＶＤ动物学习与记忆障碍可能与脑缺血后多脑区内β－ＥＰ含量降低有关。     

大鼠可逆性全脑缺血再灌流过程中几个脑区磷脂含量及组 …

应用高效液相色谱－紫外检测技术检测了大鼠全脑缺血１５ｍｉｎ及再灌流１ｈ￣７ｄ海马、皮层下（丘脑和纹状体）、新皮层突触体（Ｚａｌｅｓｋａ方法）主要磷脂组分含量变化。结果显示，短暂缺血再灌流后各脑区存在着磷脂代谢的异常，再灌流期磷脂的降解基于缺血期。磷脂组分中以ＰＥ、ＰＣ的减少为著，在ＰＥ、ＰＣ显著减少时也存在ＰＳ的减少；而ＳＭ无明显减少，随再灌流的延长有升高趋势。３个脑区磷脂含量的减少存在差别，反映     

二氯醋酸钠对大鼠缺血性脑乳酸含量的影响

二氯醋酸钠对大鼠缺血性脑乳酸含量的影响彭建伟黄怀钧王凤霞在大鼠脑缺血前后分别应用二氯醋酸钠（ＤＣＡ），观察不同灌流期内大鼠脑乳酸含量的变化，现将结果报道如下。材料：４０只体重４００～４５０ｇ之成熟雄性非禁食ＳＤ大鼠，随机平均分为５组：正常对照组、缺血...     

Vitamin content of some normal human brain segments

Nicotinates, pantothenates, riboflavin, vitamins B₆ and B_12′ free (acetyl) and total (free and bound) choline, biopterin, thiamin, biotin, methylated and nonmethylated folates in frontal, temporal, precentral, postcentral, and occipital cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, pons, basal ganglia, and substantia nigra were estimated. Nicotinates are significantly more concentrated in basal ganglia and thalamus than pons. Nonmethylated folate content is not significantly varied in brain segments; the pons contains more methylated folate. Riboflavin content is higher in the basal ganglia and temporal cortex than frontal cortex. Biotin is concentrated in pons and basal ganglia. Thiamin concentration is less in the postcentral cortex than the thalamus and substantia nigra. Biopterin is significantly higher in substantia nigra and basal ganglia than the other brain segments. Total choline content is high in substantia nigra, pons, and thalamus; free (acetyl) choline is significantly elevated in basal ganglia. B₁₂ content is less concentrated in the cortex segments. B₆ is highly concentrated in the basal ganglia. Pantothenate content is elevated in pons when compared to the various cortex segments and cerebellum.     

Functional connectivity‐based identification of subdivisions of the basal ganglia and thalamus using multilevel independent component analysis of resting state fMRI

This study aimed to identify subunits of the basal ganglia and thalamus and to investigate the functional connectivity among these anatomically segregated subdivisions and the cerebral cortex in healthy subjects. For this purpose, we introduced multilevel independent component analysis (ICA) of the resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). After applying ICA to the whole brain gray matter, we applied second‐level ICA restrictively to the basal ganglia and the thalamus area to identify discrete functional subunits of those regions. As a result, the basal ganglia and the thalamus were parcelled into 31 functional subdivisions according to their temporal activity patterns. The extracted parcels showed functional network connectivity between hemispheres, between subdivisions of the basal ganglia and thalamus, and between the extracted subdivisions and cerebral functional components. Grossly, these findings correspond to cortico‐striato‐thalamo‐cortical circuits in the brain. This study also showed the utility of multilevel ICA of resting state fMRI in brain network research. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Perodicals, Inc.     

Central neurogenic hyperventilation in an awake patient with a primary cerebral lymphoma

We described clinical and neuropathological findings of a case of primary cerebral lymphoma with central neurogenic hyperventilation (CNH). A 54-year-old awake woman with a primary cerebral lymphoma presented hyperventilation for two weeks. Arterial blood gas showed severe respiratory alkalosis; PH 7.603, PaCO2, 10.5 mmHg, PaO2 129.8 mmHg, HCO2 10.4 mmol/L, BE -8.0, O2SAT 98.9%. Rebreathing from a paper bag, and intravenous administration of diazepam and sodium bicarbonate failed to alter the respiratory pattern. Consecutive CAT scans indicated that CNH didn't occur when the tumor extensively invaded the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, thalamus and basal ganglia but was initiated when the lymphoma invaded the brain stem. Pathological study showed lymphoma cells invaded the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, thalamus and basal ganglia severely, and the brain stem moderately and recently. Contrary to the cases reported by Plum, Lange and Bateman, the lower medulla was also involved. Possible mechanisms for CNH are discussed in relation to the pathological findings and consecutive CAT scan findings.     

Experimental study on pathogenesis of the fetal brain damage by acute carbon monoxide intoxication of the pregnant mother

Summary The pathogenesis of fetal brain damage caused by acute maternal carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication was experimentally investigated in cats; 11 pregnant cats in various gestational stages were exposed to 0.2–0.3% CO/air gas for 76–150 min; thereafter, 29 live and stillborn neonates and 14 fetuses removed by cesarian section were observed pathologically. In the full-term or late-gestational-stage fetuses and neonates, the most vulnerable areas were the cerebral white matter and brain stem, followed by the basal ganglia and thalamus, and then the cerebral cortex. No changes were found in the cerebellum. From the distribution and nature of the brain changes, a hypoxic-ischemic mechanism was proposed as the pathogenesis of fetal brain damage.In the fetuses or neonates in middle and early gestational stages, the frequency and severity of the brain changes were generally lower than in those in the late gestational stage, and the cerebral white matter and basal ganglia were most often involved, but the thalamus, brain stem and the cerebral cortex were spared.The severity and extent of the brain changes were not the same among all littermates, but varied from normal to severely damaged animals.Among the maternal physiological factors measured during the CO exposure, only the severity of acidosis was correlated with the grade of fetal brain damage.Supported by Grant no. 83-12 from the National Center for Nervous, Mental, and Muscular Disorders (NCNMMD) of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan     

Functional brain imaging of tobacco use and dependence

While most cigarette smokers endorse a desire to quit smoking, only about 14% to 49% will achieve abstinence after 6 months or more of treatment. A greater understanding of the effects of smoking on brain function may (in conjunction with other lines of research) result in improved pharmacological (and behavioral) interventions. Many research groups have examined the effects of acute and chronic nicotine/cigarette exposure on brain activity using functional imaging; the purpose of this paper is to synthesize findings from such studies and present a coherent model of brain function in smokers. Responses to acute administration of nicotine/smoking include: a reduction in global brain activity; activation of the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and visual system; activation of the thalamus and visual cortex during visual cognitive tasks; and increased dopamine (DA) concentration in the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens. Responses to chronic nicotine/cigarette exposure include decreased monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B activity in the basal ganglia and a reduction in alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) availability in the thalamus and putamen. Taken together, these findings indicate that smoking enhances neurotransmission through cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits either by direct stimulation of nAChRs, indirect stimulation via DA release or MAO inhibition, or a combination of these factors. Activation of this circuitry may be responsible for the effects of smoking seen in tobacco dependent subjects, such as improvements in attentional performance, mood, anxiety, and irritability.     

Fronto-thalamo-striatal gray and white matter volumes and anisotropy of their connections in bipolar spectrum illnesses.

BACKGROUND: Neurons in the basal ganglia are connected to areas of prefrontal cerebral cortex involved in higher cognitive functions, and these connections occur primarily via the thalamus. In patients with bipolar disorder, regardless of age, neuroimaging studies have consistently reported an increased number of white matter hyperintensities, indicating possible alterations in striatum-thalamus and thalamus-prefrontal cortex connections. METHODS: In the current study, we acquired high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor (DT) scans of 40 patients with bipolar spectrum (BPS) illnesses (bipolar type I = 17, bipolar type II = 7, cyclothymia = 16) and 36 sex- and age-matched control subjects. Two researchers, without knowledge of diagnosis, outlined the caudate, putamen, and thalamus on contiguous axial MRI slices. We measured the volumes of the basal ganglia, thalamus, and gray/white matter of the frontal cortex. RESULTS: Bipolar spectrum patients as a single group did not differ from control subjects in thalamus and the basal ganglia volumes, but the cyclothymia patients had reductions in the volumes of putamen and the thalamus compared with control subjects. The BPS patients had significantly reduced volume of the white and the gray matter of the frontal cortex. Furthermore, compared with control subjects, BPS patients as a group showed alterations in anisotropy of the internal capsule adjacent to the striatum and thalamus and the frontal white matter. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that BPS patients may have distinct anatomical alterations in brain structures involved in the regulation of mood and cognition, as well as alterations in these structures' connection to related brain areas.     

脑小血管病

目的探讨伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)患者脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)的分布特征及临床意义。方法回顾性纳入2017年6月-2019年12月北京协和医院基因确诊的连续CADASIL患者21例(CADASIL组),以及性别匹配的高血压动脉硬化性脑小血管病患者21例(高血压脑小血管病组)。所有患者均行头MRI检查(含T2^*/SWI序列),盲法读片并记录CMBs的数量和部位,分析两组CMBs分布的差异。结果CADASIL组年龄和常见血管病危险因素比例均低于高血压脑小血管病组。CADASIL组47.6%患者检出CMBs(共计115个),而高血压脑小血管病组高达95.2%(共计218个)。CADASIL组CMBs分布以丘脑最常受累(45.2%),其次是脑叶(皮层/皮层下,35.7%)、基底节(11.3%)。高血压脑小血管病组则以丘脑以外的基底节CMBs最多见(35.3%),其次是脑叶(26.6%)、丘脑(19.2%)、脑干(16.1%)。CADASIL患者丘脑CMBs/总CMBs比例、丘脑CMBs/(基底节CMBs+脑干CMBs)比例均高于高血压脑小血管病组(均P<0.001)。结论CADASIL患者CMBs分布以丘脑最常见,其次是皮层/皮层下区域,而高血压脑小血管病患者则以丘脑以外的基底节、脑干更常见。     

Validity of large-deformation high dimensional brain mapping of the basal ganglia in adults with Tourette syndrome

The basal ganglia and thalamus may play a critical role for behavioral inhibition mediated by prefrontal, parietal, temporal, and cingulate cortices. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop with projections from frontal cortex to striatum, then to globus pallidus or to substantia nigra pars reticulata, to thalamus and back to cortex, provides the anatomical substrate for this function. In-vivo neuroimaging studies have reported reduced volumes in the thalamus and basal ganglia in individuals with Tourette Syndrome (TS) when compared with healthy controls. However, patterns of neuroanatomical shape that may be associated with these volume differences have not yet been consistently characterized. Tools are being developed at a rapid pace within the emerging field of computational anatomy that allow for the precise analysis of neuroanatomical shape derived from magnetic resonance (MR) images, and give us the ability to characterize subtle abnormalities of brain structures that were previously undetectable. In this study, T1-weighted MR scans were collected in 15 neuroleptic-na?ve adults with TS or chronic motor tics and 15 healthy, tic-free adult subjects matched for age, gender and handedness. We demonstrated the validity and reliability of large-deformation high dimensional brain mapping (HDBM-LD) as a tool to characterize the basal ganglia (caudate, globus pallidus and putamen) and thalamus. We found no significant volume or shape differences in any of the structures in this small sample of subjects.     

基底节生殖细胞瘤的临床和影像学分析

目的分析伴脑干萎缩的基底节生殖细胞瘤临床特点及影像学改变，以提高对此病的认识。方法结合文献分析7例基底节生殖细胞瘤患者的临床和影像学特征。结果7例患者均为年轻男性，主要表现为缓慢进展的轻偏瘫；影像学显示肿瘤主要位于基底节，MRIT。加权像上呈低或等低混杂信号，T2加权像上呈高或等高混杂信号，伴有同侧大脑半球或脑干萎缩。结论基底节生殖细胞瘤临床及影像学缺乏特异性；年轻患者出现缓慢进行性偏瘫，伴有病变同侧大脑偏侧萎缩或／和大脑脚萎缩的基底节病变应高度怀疑基底节生殖细胞瘤。     

Unilateral brain damage after prolonged hemiconvulsions in the elderly associated with theophylline administration.

The brains of 14 elderly patients who died after status epilepticus were examined pathologically. Three of the 14 patients showed unilateral brain damage which corresponded to the side of the seizures, and the lesions were thought to be caused by seizures. In these three and two other patients, no causative lesion related to the seizures was found. In these five patients, status epilepticus occurred during theophylline therapy and thus the seizures in these five patients were assumed to be induced by theophylline. In the three patients with unilateral brain damage, the damage was seen in the hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus in two patients, while in the third, the whole hemisphere was damaged, including the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. The distribution of pathological changes within the thalamus was described. It is suggested that the thalamus was primarily affected by seizures, rather than by secondary degeneration from the cortex.