拟诊人类免疫缺陷病毒相关进行性多灶性白质脑病四例分析

目的总结人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)相关进行性多灶性白质脑病的临床表现、实验室和影像学特点、治疗及预后。方法回顾分析4例拟诊HIV相关进行性多灶性白质脑病患者的临床资料。结果 4例患者临床主要表现为逐渐加重的神经功能缺损症状、肢体无力,1例伴言语困难、1例伴头晕,病程中症状逐渐加重。头部MRI均表现为脱髓鞘改变,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI和FLAIR成像呈高信号,DWI呈中心低信号、周围高信号,增强扫描病灶未见明显强化。2例行高效抗逆转录病毒疗法,最长生存期达20个月;未行规范抗HIV治疗者远期预后不佳。结论 HIV相关进行性多灶性白质脑病临床以进行性加重的神经功能缺损症状为主,影像学表现典型,早期并及时予高效抗逆转录病毒疗法可以部分恢复。     

散发性Creutzfeldt-Jakob病的临床、病理及影像学研究

目的探讨散发性Creutzfeldt—Jakob病(sCJD)的临床、病理及影像学特点方法同顾性分析12例sCJD患者的临床表现、脑电图(EEG)、影像学特点及病理资料。结果(1)本组男7例，女5例，平均发病年龄49岁；3例以视觉缺失急性起病，9例以智能下降，精神、行为异常或共济失调亚急性起病；12例均有痴呆、肌阵挛和锥体外系体征。(2)9例脑电图(EEG)表现典型的、1例表现不典型的三相波，(3)12例头颅MRI检查，5例出现双侧基底节区T2加权像WI对称性高信号；8例同时行弥散加权(DWI)扫描，均表现为额叶或／和枕叶DWI高信号，并有5例伴双侧基底节区对称性DwI高信号．(4)1例尸检及6例脑活检均具备CJD病理特点。结论sCJD在具备典型临床表现基础上，动态EEG及头颅MRI DWI扫描可为CJD的早期临床诊断提供依据?     

大脑胶质瘤病的MRI特点研究

目的探讨大脑胶质瘤病的MRI特点。方法对14例经手术（或活检）、病理证实的大脑胶质瘤病患者的MRI和临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果大脑胶质瘤病的临床表现以头痛（12／14）和癫痫（7／141为常见，后期多出现严重颅高压征象。MRI提示病灶呈多灶性生长9例，弥漫性生长5例，至少累及2叶脑组织。T1WI呈等或稍低信号灶，T2WI为等或高信号灶，轻至中度水肿．占位效应轻。增强扫描常见肿瘤轻度强化。星形胶质瘤Ⅰ级7例，Ⅱ级5例．少枝胶质瘤Ⅱ级1例．少枝一星形混合胶质瘤Ⅱ级1例。结论大脑胶质瘤病的影像学表现与某些神经系统病变有类似和重叠之处．但通过影像与临床表现的结合，有利于该病变的诊断与鉴别诊断。     

15例脑神经节细胞胶质瘤临床和影像诊断

目的提高对神经节细胞胶质瘤影像表现的认识。方法回顾性分析15例经手术病理证实的神经节细胞胶质瘤临床、CT、MR特点。结果15例中12例表现为癫癎。13例发生于皮层,其中3例病灶弥漫、多灶并累及基底节,2例位于鞍区。肿瘤实性9例,其中6例呈脑回状肿块,囊实性4例,囊性2例。肿瘤实性部分T1WI呈不均匀低或等信号,T2WI呈不均匀高信号,增强扫描3例肿瘤明显强化,6例不均匀结节或斑片状强化,其中1例表现为脑回样强化,4例无强化。2例囊性肿瘤囊壁有轻度强化。7例(Ⅱ-Ⅲ级)灶周有明显片状或指样水肿,8例无明显水肿。2例CT表现为等密度实性结节,1例内见小条状、斑点状钙化。结论发生于皮层灰质核团的实性或囊实性肿瘤,尤其是类似肿大的脑回状肿块,不论强化和灶周水肿与否,临床上以癫癎为主要症状的年轻患者要考虑本瘤的可能。     

脑肿瘤卒中误诊为脑出血17例

目的探讨脑肿瘤卒中误诊的原因、临床表现及诊治方法。方法对17例初诊时误诊为脑出血的脑肿瘤卒中患者的临床资料(包括影像学特点及治疗效果等)进行回顾性分析。结果患者年龄32～70岁,平均(48.3±11.8)岁;男性12例,女性5例;以急性起病为表现的14例,亚急性起病为表现的3例;头部CT平扫呈均匀高密度灶2例,不规则混杂密度灶15例;接受急诊开颅行血肿及肿瘤切除术者14例,早期保守治疗后再行限期手术者3例;术后13例好转出院,2例住院期间死亡,2例效果欠佳自动出院。结论脑肿瘤卒中多以急性起病为表现,初诊时易误诊为脑出血,仔细分析影像学资料及询问既往病史可降低误诊率,急诊开颅手术近期效果尚可。     

散发性Creutzfeldt-Jakob病30例临床分析

目的探讨散发性Creutzfeldt-Jakob病(sCJD)的临床、脑电图(EEG)及影像学特征。方法回顾性分析30例sCJD患者的临床资料。结果本组急性起病6例,亚急性起病18例,在发病1～3个月出现意识障碍、肌阵挛、去皮质强直状态;慢性起病6例,发病后1～2年出现上述典型症状。本组患者EEG均异常,早期表现广泛持续性慢波,中晚期出现典型三相波18例、不典型三相波8例。本组MRI表现双侧基底节区T2WI对称性高信号10例,右侧豆状核高信号1例;17例行MR弥散加权成像(DWI)扫描,均出现一侧或两侧额顶叶和/或枕叶皮质高信号,其中8例合并双侧基底节区对称性高信号。结论sCJD以亚急性起病多见,早期头颅DWI即可出现特征性额顶叶和/或基底节区高信号,为早期临床诊断提供依据;中晚期均出现意识障碍、肌阵挛、去皮质状态,EEG特征为三相波。     

微囊型脑膜瘤的MRI表现及临床病理对照研究

目的探讨微囊型脑膜瘤的MRI表现及其诊断价值,并与病理相对照。方法回顾性分析12例经病理证实的微囊型脑膜瘤影像学资料及病理资料。结果额叶6例(左4例,右2例),颞叶2例,顶叶大脑镰旁2例,右侧桥脑小脑角区1例,鞍区1例;12例中9例平扫T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈明显高信号,增强后病变呈明显不均匀强化;3例平扫时T1WI呈不均匀等低信号,T2WI呈不均匀等高混杂信号,增强后病变呈明显不均匀强化;12例病变中5例可见脑膜尾征;10例可见中、重度瘤周水肿;镜下组织中见瘤细胞排列疏松,呈微囊状。结论微囊型脑膜瘤是颅内少见肿瘤,MRI表现有一定特点:T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈明亮高信号,瘤周水肿明显,增强后呈明显强化,MRI有助于对其诊断和鉴别诊断。     

脑内神经元及神经元与神经胶质混合性肿瘤的MRI表现（附31例报告及文献复习）

目的 探讨脑内神经元及神经元神经胶质混合性肿瘤的MRI表现。方法 结合复习文献,尝试对31例经手术病理证实的脑内神经元及神经元神经胶质混合性肿瘤病例的MRI影像学特点进行分析。MRI检查采用GE Signa扫描机。31例病理结果,神经节胶质瘤11例,中枢神经细胞瘤15例,神经节细胞瘤3例,小脑发育不良性节细胞瘤2例。结果 神经节胶质瘤MRI表现T1加权像为低信号囊性闭快,T2加权像均为高信号。局部灰白质界限不清。注射Gd-DTPA后,囊壁及结节增强为主。中枢神经细胞瘤MRI可见T1WI呈不均匀等信号团块混杂有低信号,T2WI：部分为等信号,部分为高信号。注射Gd-DTPA：表现为非均匀增强。神经节细胞瘤MRI表现质子密度像或T2WI为等或稍高信号。T1WI为低信号。小脑发育不良性节细胞瘤MRI显像可见病变在T1WI为黑色,而在T2WI为白色,注射造影剂后无增强。病灶条纹状,边界清楚,无水肿。结论 神经元及神经元胶质混合性肿瘤为一类较少见的神经系统肿瘤,其最终诊断仍取决于组织学。但该类肿瘤的影像学表现中部分病例具有一定特点。根据这些特点,结合临床表现,有益于在术前做出正确诊断。     

儿童幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤的影像学特点

目的 探讨儿童幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤(SPNET)的影像学特点.方法 对8例经病理学检查证实的SPNET患儿(19个月～4岁)的影像学资料(6例CT,2例MRI)进行回顾性分析.结果 肿瘤位于额叶4例、颞叶3例、颞顶叶1例,呈囊实性6例、实性2例;呈类圆形7例、不规则形1例;边界清楚7例、不清1例;有钙化3例,均未见出血.CT或MRI增强后肿瘤实性区中度强化,囊性区无明显强化.MRI显示肿瘤实性部分呈T1WI稍低或等信号、T2WI稍高信号,信号不均匀;囊性区T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号.结论 SPNET的影像学特点为病灶多位于额、颞叶,呈囊实性、类圆形,边界清楚,无出血;增强扫描肿瘤实性区有中度强化.     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤非典型MRI影像学表现

目的总结原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(PCNSL)非典型MRI影像学表现,以提高对非典型PCNSL影像诊断的正确率。方法回顾性分析经穿刺或手术病理证实的25例原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的MRI影像学表现,包括非典型的生长部位,非特异的MRI表现和强化方式。结果 25例中单发病灶者16例,多发病灶9例,病灶数共38个。不典型发生部位可见于鞍上、脑干、小脑半球和小脑蚓部、侧脑室、三脑室和第四脑室等等。病灶形态大小不一,表现形式多种多样,可呈类圆形、不规则形,团块状、结节状、斑片状、灶状或散在分布。1例病灶侵及邻近脑膜,出现"脑膜尾征"。20例在T1WI呈稍低或等信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号,5例T1WI、T2WI呈混杂信号。7例呈实性均质强化,6例呈结节状强化,3例呈斑片状强化,2例呈条纹状强化,2例呈环形强化,1例呈弥漫肿胀伴轻度强化,3例多发病灶多种强化方式并存。5例DWI呈均质高信号,6例呈不均匀稍高信号,4例呈中等信号。MRS检查4例出现较明显的Lip峰。结论对于发生在非典型生长部位、影像学表现非特异性的,以及颅内多发病灶的和侵犯脑膜的中枢神经系统淋巴瘤,术前诊断较为困难,需引起高度重视。     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.