自体骨或硫酸钙人工骨结合MC+®椎间融合器在颈椎前路融合中的应用：疗效及并发症比较

背景：自体骨在颈椎植骨融合术中应用最早、最多,但其来源有限,同时也带来供骨区感染、出血、术后疼痛等并发症。近年来随着新型植骨融合材料的使用,使上述并发症得以避免或减少。 目的：比较MC+®椎间融合器结合自体骨与硫酸钙人工骨在颈椎前路融合中的临床效果。 方法：于2008-01/12对26例脊髓型颈椎病患者共34个节段实施前路椎间盘摘除、椎体融合术,取颈前斜切口3.0~4.0 cm,切除椎间盘及后纵韧带,保留终板,自体骨组椎间融合器填充自体髂骨松质骨,硫酸钙组椎间融合器填充Wright公司OsteoSet人工骨,结合固定嵌片使用。以术后X射线片和JOA评分及术后Odom’s疗效评定标准评价疗效。 结果与结论：两组共26例患者(34个节段)全部获得随访,术后两组JOA评分无明显差异,术后两组临床疗效评定(Odom’s标准)优良率,硫酸钙组高于自体骨组,但差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。术后3,6个月人工骨组融合率比自体骨组低,但12个月时两组融合率均为100%。硫酸钙组术后6个月前凸角丢失较自体骨组多0.4°,两组间比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示硫酸钙结合MC+®椎间融合器与自体骨结合MC+®椎间融合器治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效一致,但硫酸钙人工骨可以有效避免取骨区并发症。     

颈前路显微减压治疗脊髓型颈椎病(附54例报告)

目的探讨脊髓型颈椎病的手术治疗方式和早期疗效。方法54例脊髓型颈椎病患者,前路显微镜下手术减压及椎间植骨融合颈前路钛钢板内固定术50例,前路脊柱内镜下手术减压及椎间植骨融合颈前路钛钢板内固定术2例,前路显微镜下减压后椎间植Bryan人工椎关节盘2例。结果随访进行6～48个月(平均25个月),症状明显缓解,脊髓功能明显改善者52例,占96.3%。52例植骨者术后6个月植骨融合率100%。2例Bryan人工椎关节盘植入者,术后6个月及1年X线平片随访显示:颈椎过曲、过伸运动及生理曲度良好,与自体椎体融合良好。术后症状与术前比较无明显缓解但无加重者2例。结论对脊髓型颈椎病,前路手术不同方式各有其适应证,应根据临床表现、体征、影像学特征早期诊断和尽早手术,进行仔细的显微操作技术,可以更加充分减压并减少对脊髓的损伤,取得更加良好的治疗效果。     

前路减压椎间自体骨融合钛板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病

目的探讨前路减压椎间自体骨融合钛板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病疗效。方法分析89例脊髓型颈椎病实施前路减压椎间自体骨融合及钛板内固定手术后疗效,89例患者术后随访3～5a,平均4.5a。结果手术前及手术后的随访使用改进的的JOA评分系统对患者的神经功能状况进行评价,发现手术后患者神经功能恢复率达到86.3%,椎间自体骨融合率100%。结论前路减压融合及钛板内固定对治疗治疗脊髓型颈椎病有很好的疗效。     

纳米人工骨在颈椎前路植骨融合术中的应用

目的：评估颈前路植骨融合中应用纳米人工骨后临床症状的改善和影像学变化。 方法：2005-06/2006-06辽宁医学院附属第一医院骨科收治脊髓型颈椎病26例,混合型颈椎病5例,颈椎创伤脱位29例,均采用纳米人工骨替代自体髂骨进行60例颈椎前路椎体次全切减压植骨融合钛板内固定。植入前根据临床症状行神经功能JOA评分,并予颈椎X射线、CT、MRI等检查。植入后1周、3个月、6个月、1年、1年半随访情况定期复查,行神经功能JOA评分,X射线检查分析椎体高度,颈椎生理曲度等,并将植入前后情况比较分析。 结果：60例患者随访≥3个月,植入后均未见过敏及毒性反应,切口愈合均良好。植入后定期拍片复查,可见颈椎骨折者伤椎高度恢复,颈椎病患者未发现伤椎高度丢失,颈椎椎间角和颈前屈基本正常,内固定位置良好,未发现内固定松动、移位等现象。植入前X射线片及磁共振可见C4~5椎体脱位,脊髓受压;植入后3个月X射线可见骨折复位良好,内固定可靠。植入后神经功能JOA评分有明显提高,随访3个月者JOA评分由植入前(9.78±3.15)分增加到(15.25±2.79)分。 结论：纳米人工骨在颈椎前路植骨融合术中效果良好,可以替代自体骨应用于颈椎前路植骨融合。     

钛质外科网和纳米仿生骨在颈椎前路减压融合中的应用*

摘要 背景：纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺作为新型植骨材料,应用于颈椎前路减压融合中,不仅可以减少患者取骨带来的并发症,而且具有稳定的植骨融合率。 目的：比较钛网和纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺应用于颈椎前路减压融合治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床效果。 方法：对确诊的48例脊髓型颈椎病患者行颈前路椎体次全切减压融合钛板内固定。其中26例行钛网植骨,22例行纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺仿生骨植骨,采用JOA评分法评价神经功能的恢复,测量cobb角评价融合节段曲度。 结果与结论：48例患者均获得随访,随访时间6~14个月。置入后3个月JOA评分较置入前明显改善,两组对比JOA评分差异无显著性意义;置入后3,6个月钛网组及仿生骨组融合节段cobb角相对于置入后即刻变化差异有显著性意义,两组对比差异无显著性意义;置入后3个月钛网组2例患者出现钛网沉降,融合节段椎间高度丢失。结果表明纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺仿生骨作为颈椎前路融合植骨材料,融合率高,可以有效保持颈椎生理曲度及椎间高度,长期效果有待进一步观察。 关键词：颈椎病;钛质外科网;纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺;前路植骨融合;生物相容性 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.03.008     

比较纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66人工椎体与自体髂骨在颈椎前路减压融合中的应用

摘要 背景：目前用于颈椎前路重建的材料较多,如自体髂骨、同种异体骨、钛网等,但各种材料均存在一定的不足。纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66人工椎体具有良好的生物相容性及生物安全性,是一种比较理想的椎体植骨替代材料。 目的：评估纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66人工椎体应用于颈椎前路减压融合治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床效果,并与自体髂骨进行对比。 方法：2009-01/2010-03对40例脊髓型颈椎病患者行颈前路椎体次全切减压融合钛板内固定。22例行纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66人工椎体植骨,18例行自体髂骨块植骨,采用JOA评分法评价神经功能的恢复情况,测量Cobb角评价融合节段曲度以及融合节段椎体前缘、后缘高度。 结果与结论：患者均获得 6~14个月随访,JOA评分较治疗前明显改善。人工椎体组及自体髂骨组融合节段后缘高度和前凸Cobb角治疗后3个月与治疗后即刻差值、治疗后6个月与治疗后3个月差值差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。根据融合标准,治疗后6个月两组融合情况差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66人工椎体作为颈椎前路植骨材料,融合率同自体髂骨相似,可以有效保持颈椎生理曲度及椎间高度,长期效果有待进一步观察。 关键词：纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺;颈椎病;自体髂骨;前路植骨融合;Cobb角 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.12.026     

颈椎前路钢板置入内固定并减压植骨治疗脊髓型颈椎病118例

背景: 目前应用前路减压内固定方法治疗脊髓型颈椎病得到了普遍认可,但大宗病例的临床报告并不常见。 目的：探讨颈椎前路减压植骨结合锁定钛板内固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效。 方法：回顾性分析了2001-01/2007-08于黄冈市中心医院骨科行前路椎体次全切减压、取髂骨植骨或钛网植骨结合前路锁定钛板固定术治疗的118例脊髓型颈椎病患者。根据术前、术后即刻及术后随访颈椎标准侧位X射线片,测量融合节段前凸Cobb角、融合节段椎体前缘高度及后缘高度,并评估植骨融合情况;JOA标准评价神经功能。 结果与结论：随访期间(6~32个月,平均19个月)3例出现钛网轻度沉陷,所有病例无内固定断裂、松动,末次随访骨融合率为100%。与术前比较,术后即刻及末次随访时患者的JOA评分明显增高(P < 0.05),术后末次随访优良率为86.2%;术后Cobb角、融合节段椎体前缘高度及后缘高度值也较术前明显改善(P < 0.05)。说明前路次全切减压植骨锁定钛板内固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病,既能彻底减压又能有效矫正颈椎畸形,坚固骨融合重建稳定,临床效果满意。     

脊髓型颈椎病的前路显微外科治疗策略

目的总结脊髓型颈椎病的前路显微手术治疗方式和疗效。方法回顾性分析85例脊髓型颈椎病的手术经验。均经前路行手术治疗,其中显微镜下手术减压+椎间植骨融合+钛钢板内固定59例,内镜下手术减压+椎间植骨融合+钛钢板内固定2例,显微镜下减压+Bryan人工椎间盘植入24例。结果术后随访3～52个月,平均23个月;脊髓功能明显改善82例,占96.5%,稳定3例,占3.5%。24例Bryan人工椎间盘植入病人术后随访X-线平片显示:颈椎过曲、过伸运动及生理曲度良好,与自体椎体融合良好。结论对中央型或神经根型椎间盘突出病人经前路行显微减压术,减压更加充分,并可减少对脊髓的损伤;椎间植入人工椎间盘可保留部分脊柱运动功能,取得更好的治疗效果。     

联合单节段零切迹椎间融合器治疗三节段脊髓型颈椎病技术

目的 对比颈前路联合应用单节段零切迹椎间融合器与常规锁定钛板治疗三节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析18例采用颈前路椎间盘切除减压融合术(ACDF)+双节段锁定钛板固定系统+单节段零切迹椎间融合固定系统(联合组)和20例采用常规颈前路ACDF+三节段锁定钛板固定系统(常规组)患者的临床资料。分析两组患者术前、术后各指标及术后随访。结果 联合组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后邻近节段退变率方面均明显优于常规组(均P 0. 001)。两组患者术前及术后各随访时间点的VAS、JOA评分及颈椎Cobb角比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。末次随访时根据改良Macnab疗效评定标准,常规组优12例、良5例、可3例,优良率为85%;联合组优11例、良4例、可3例,优良率为83. 3%。末次随访时两组间Ⅰ级融合率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论 颈前路联合零切迹椎间融合器治疗三节段脊髓型颈椎病可以取得与常规锁定钛板一样的疗效,但在缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量、降低邻近节段退变率以及降低手术难度方面具有优势。     

颈椎动态稳定器置入治疗颈椎病5例：非融合术后弹性动态固定效果随访

背景：前路椎间盘切除减压融合术是颈椎病手术治疗的有效方法,但在长期的临床实践中也出现了很多问题。 目的：探讨颈椎动态稳定器在颈椎非融合手术中的安全性及有效性。 方法：5例颈椎病患者(6个节段) 行颈前路椎间盘切除减压置入颈椎动态稳定器进行非融合手术,术前及术后3 d、3个月、6个月进行JOA评分,观察神经功能恢复情况,并摄X射线平片观察椎间隙高度及椎间活动度。 结果与结论：经1~6个月随访,JOA平均评分由术前8.5分升至术后15.4分;影像学复查未见颈椎动态稳定器移位、下沉,生理弧度良好,颈椎运动范围得到一定保持,无明显颈部僵硬和活动受限表现。提示颈椎动态稳定器一体化植入术后能获得弹性动态固定,并恢复和维持椎间隙高度及椎间活动度,近期疗效满意。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.