沈阳战区精神疾病流行学调查资料分析

应用全国统一调查工具，对沈阳战区陆海空三军进行精神疾病流行学调查，结果表明精神疾病总患病率１．９８７‰，现患病率为１．５２０‰；精神分裂症总患病率１．３６０‰，现患病率１．１２０‰；神经症患病率３．１９７‰。     

山东省精神疾病流行病学调查(1984年与1994年)

目的将１９８４与１９９４年山东省各类精神疾病两次横断面抽样调查的患病率及其分布特征进行比较。方法两次调查在同一框架区内统一抽样，分别调查１１８９９８人和８４７６７人（分别占全省总人口的１．５‰和１．１‰）；调查流程及各种筛选和诊断工具相同。结果１９８４与１９９４年山东省精神疾病的终生患病率分别为９．７６‰和１３．２４‰，时点患病率分别为９．１３‰和１２．２１‰；≥１５岁人口时点患病率分别为１１．２４‰和１３．９８‰；酒依赖、神经症、躯体疾病所致精神障碍和其它精神障碍的患病率明显上升。结论１０年间山东省精神疾病患病率有所上升，与社会、经济、文化发展密切相关的某些精神疾病患病率升高较明显     

济宁市农村精神疾病流行情况再调查的结果及其比较

为掌握我市农村精神疾病患病情况及其相关因素,并与１９８４年资料进行对照研究。方法 依据精神疾病流行病学调查的有关内容,对１９８４年三个样本县进行复调。结果 各类精神疾病总患病率为１０．３５‰,时点患病率为９．４１‰,其中精神分裂症患病率３．６２‰,情感性障碍０．２５‰,脑因管疾病所致精神障碍０．００‰,人格障碍１．０４‰。结论 除脑血管疾病所致精神障碍,人格障碍有显著性差异外,总患病率,时点患病率     

90年代首都精神卫生问题的现况与前瞻──北京市1991年精神障碍流行学调查报告

１９９１年北京市１６个区县精神卫生流行学调查显示，全市１５岁及以上３５３８５人中精神病总患病率１１．６７‰，现患病率为１０．０３‰；其中精神分裂症总患病率７．２‰居首位，神经症患病率３５．１８‰，精神发育迟滞６．１０‰。此外，酒依赖为１４．３０‰，药物依赖为２．１８‰。上述数字提示，近１０年来各类精神障碍的患病率有增高趋势。     

河北省承德地区精神疾病流行病学调查

目的：了解河北省承德地区18岁及以上人群各类精神疾病的时点患病率和分布特点。方法：2004年10月至2004年11月采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，抽取≥18岁者为调查对象。用一般健康问卷（CHQ-12）将调查对象分为高、中、低危险组，以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ用定式临床检查患者版进行调查，用DSM-Ⅳ对精神障碍进行诊断。结果：3025人完成调查，精神疾病总时点患病率为177．19‰，终生患病率为216．86‰。除精神发育迟滞和痴呆外，各类精神疾病时点患病率为175．86‰，终生患病率为215．54‰。时点患病率农村为（176．65‰），城市为（180．08‰）；女性（182．05‰）高于男性（171．94‰）。重性抑郁障碍患病率最高（51.57‰）。结论：本调查基本掌握了河北省承德地区18岁及以上人群各类精神障碍的患病水平和分布特点。     

广州战区精神疾病流行学和心理卫生调查分析

本文分析广州战区精神疾病的流行学调查资料，重精神病抽样１００３０人，总患病率为３．１９‰，现患病病率为１．９０‰，神经症抽样１９３９人，患病率为２６．８２‰，创伤后应激障碍的患病率为７．７４‰。心理卫生测查ＳＣＬ－９０结果与全国常模基本一致，性格特征Ｅ，Ｐ，Ｑ测查结果Ｅ分高于全国常模，Ｎ分低于全国常模。     

110例精神发育迟滞调查分析

作者于１９９０年４月对兰州市某城镇和农村１５岁以上人口进行了精神发育迟滞的流行学调查，共查出精神发育迟滞患者１１０例，患病率２．５７‰，其中男性患病率２．８１‰，女性患病率２．２５‰，两者无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。城市患病率２．１９‰，农村患病率３．８４‰，以农村显著较高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。在各年龄组中以１５～２９岁组患者为最多。先天性因素所致者较多。家庭经济水平及文化程度低的人群中较多     

汕头市精神分裂症流行病学调查

采用全国精神疾病流调统一方法，调查了汕头市城乡户口各５００户，１５岁以上总人口３３２０人，查出精神分裂症３１例，现患２６例，总患病率９．３４‰，时点患病率７．８３‰，标化率７．８１‰，高于全国１２地区精神分裂症平均患病率。调查结果发现，经济发达地区精神分裂症患病率高，而经济水平低，无支持系统者有较高的患病率。     

1986～2001年某部新兵精神疾病调查

目的；探讨入伍新兵精神疾病的患病率及相关因素。方法：应用新兵精神疾病调查的工具，对1986－2001年某部入伍的所有集训期新兵进行精神疾病的流行病学调查。结果：15年共调查入伍新兵656540名，检查出各类精神疾病共539名，总检出率（时点患病率）为0．82‰。新兵各类精神疾病的时点患病率以精神分裂症（0．29‰）、神经症（0．20‰）和精神发育迟滞（0．10‰）为高。入伍前已患病者占83．1％，入伍后新发病者占16．9％。有明显精神疾病家族史者占28．4％。结论：开展新兵精神疾病调查，在集训期内把患有精神疾病者作退兵处理，对提高兵员质量具有重要意义。     

云南大理白族自治州神经症病人抽样调查

１９９５年９月，作者按全国流调组制定的标准和神经症流行学调查操作方法，在云南省大理白族自治州境内，选四县一市为框架，以整群分层随机抽样原则，每５户抽１户，分别在城乡各抽２００户，其中１５～５９岁者为调查对象，共查１０７０人。神经症患病率为２７．１‰。其中，女性、农业劳动者、彝族、经济水平差者患病率高，并有统计学差异。５０～５５岁为患病率高峰组。患病率农村高于城市；少数民族高于汉族。文化水平低、家庭气氛不和睦患病率高，但差异不显著。和全国流调结果比较，神经症患病率有随着时间推移，社会进步而增高的趋势。     

Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics

Epilepsy is a major public health problem in many tropical countries. Also, some of the tropical diseases are major contributors to the higher prevalence of epilepsy in these countries. The etiologic factors responsible for epilepsy in these countries are quite different from those in the developed world. This article discusses the etiologic factors and neuroimaging of epilepsy in light of the conditions in these tropical countries.     

Increase in cathepsin D activity in rat brain in aging

Cathepsin D-like activity in homogenates of five brain areas of 3-month-old and 24-month-old Fischer 344 rats was measured. With hemoglobin as substrate at pH 3.2, more than 90% of the activity was inhibited by pepstatin. In each area studied, activity was more than twice as high in the old rat brain: 140-160% higher in the cortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, and striatum and 90-100% higher in the hippocampus and spinal cord. The greatly increased metabolic capacity in the absence of an increase in protein turnover may have a role in age-related pathological degeneration in the brain.     

Sudanophilic lipid accumulation in astrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia in monkeys

Summary Sudanophilic lipid accumulation is a characteristic feature of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) of infants. At least two types of lipid-containing cells have been identified, one being the macrophage, the other the pre-myelin glial cell. A third type of lipid-containing cell has been seen in two monkeys with spontaneous PVL. Electron microscopically this cell appears to be an astrocyte. This probably represents a reaction of the astrocyte to hypoxia and may be the equivalent of the hypertrophic astrocytes found in human infants.Supported in part by NIH grant HDO 8633 and the Regional Primate Research Center Grant RR-00166     

癫痫与抑郁关系的研究进展

抑郁是癫痫患者中常见的精神障碍,严重地影响了患者的生活质量。传统的观点认为癫痫患者因为存在着诸多社会学问题易出现抑郁倾向,癫痫和抑郁是单向的联系,但大量的研究已经证明癫痫和抑郁之间存在双向的联系,一种异常状态的存在可能易转化为另一种异常状态的发展。癫痫和抑郁存在着共同的发病机制。本文主要就癫痫和抑郁的双向联系以及抗抑郁药物在癫痫患者中的应用进行阐述。     

Issues in evaluation of cognition in the elderly in developing countries

Background:

Developing regions of the world host the majority of elderly subjects who are at risk for dementia. Reliable epidemiological data from these countries is invaluable in tackling this global problem. Scarcity of such data in literature is largely attributable to problems that are unique to developing communities worldwide.

Objective:

To classify and describe the problems that interfere with the collection of reliable epidemiological data on cognitive impairment in the elderly in developing communities, and to suggest practical solutions for some of them.

Methods:

Inferring from the experiences of a large, ongoing, population-based study on the cognitive impairments in the elderly in South India and from the review of literature.

Conclusion:

A fatalistic attitude regarding aging in the communities, significant heterogeneity in educational abilities and activities of daily living, high illiteracy among rural subjects, and lack of an organized health care system and updated demographic figures are some of the major factors that contribute to technical, namely, methodology-related problems and practical, namely, subject-related problems in such epidemiological studies.     

Increase in noradrenaline-synthesizing enzyme activity in medulla oblongata in Parkinson's disease

Summary Dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH), the noradrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, were assayed in 18 areas of brain stem in eight cases of parkinsonian syndromes and of four age- and postmortem delay-matched controls. Dissection was performed by the punch technique and enzyme activities assayed by radiometric methods. No significant change was found for PNMT activity. DBH activity was significantly increased in the A2-C2 area of the medulla oblongata (including the nucleus tractus solitarius) in the cases of Parkinson's disease.The A2-C2 area is known to be implicated in the control of blood pressure in rats. These findings are discussed in relation to orthostatic hypotension and the influence ofl-dopa therapy.Supported by grants from INSERM ATP 657897, ATP 8179113, CRL 79-1-356-6, DGRST (80 E 0882), FRMF, and Sandoz-France France     

Suicide in the elderly in Austria

In most countries men and women have the highest suicide rates in age groups over 60 years. We investigated suicide rates for the elderly in Austria, a country with one of the highest suicide rates in the world, for the period 1980–1991, using data from the Federal Statistical Division. Suicide rates remained stable over the last decade at a very high level. The mean rate for men was 85.2, for women 28.6/100 000. In men and women rates rise with age. The mean rate of men rises from 51.2 (60–64 years) to 117.3/100 000 (over 85 years); in women there is an increase from 21.4 (60–64 years) to 32.8/100 000 (over 85 years). We did not confirm findings in other countries, where suicide rates have increased in recent years.     

Gender in Voice Perception in Autism

Deficits in the perception of social stimuli may contribute to the characteristic impairments in social interaction in high functioning autism (HFA). Although the cortical processing of voice is abnormal in HFA, it is unclear whether this gives rise to impairments in the perception of voice gender. About 20 children with HFA and 20 matched controls were presented with voice fragments that were parametrically morphed in gender. No differences were found in the perception of gender between the two groups of participants, but response times differed significantly. The results suggest that the perception of voice gender is not impaired in HFA, which is consistent with behavioral findings of an unimpaired voice-based identification of age and identity by individuals with autism. The differences in response times suggest that individuals with HFA use different perceptual approaches from those used by typically developing individuals.     

Characteristics of nociceptors in the periodontium--an in vitro study in rats

Recent studies have indicated that nociceptors can be classified into various types according to their physiological properties. These studies have clarified that the frequency distribution of various nociceptor types is different among body sites and animal species. In the present study, we investigated the physiological properties of rat's periodontal nociceptors in an in vitro jaw-nerve preparation. Responses were recorded from functional single filaments in the inferior alveolar nerve. To determine the nociceptor type, calibrated von Frey filaments, heat, and bradykinin (BK) stimuli were used. We found five subtypes of nociceptors in the periodontal ligaments of the lower incisor: Adelta-high threshold mechanonociceptors (Adelta-HTM, n=28), Adelta-mechanoheat nociceptors (Adelta-MH, n=6), Adelta-polymodal nociceptors (Adelta-POLY, n=26), C-high threshold mechanonociceptors (C-HTM, n=3) and C-polymodal nociceptors (C-POLY, n=4). Most nociceptors were Adelta-innervated, while only a small number of C-innervated nociceptors were found. The present results suggest that periodontal nociceptors transmit mainly fast pain, and may thus play a role in rapid detection of injure-related stimuli during mastication.     

Changes in parasympathetic system in medulla oblongata in male pigs in the course of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

Background

Autonomic imbalance constituting a fundamental feature of heart failure (HF) has been assessed mainly at the periphery. Changes in the functioning of autonomic centers in the brain remain unclear. We investigated the molecular elements of parasympathetic system, i.e. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and enzymes metabolizing acetylcholine (acetylcholinesterase, AChE, choline acetyltransferase, ChAT) in medulla oblongata (MO) of male pigs with chronic tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

Methods

The mRNA levels of AChE, ChAT, α7nAChR and X-box binding protein 1 (spliced form, XBP1s) in MO were analyzed using qPCR, AChE and ChAT activities using spectrophotometry, proteasome activity using fluorometry, and the protein level of α7nAChR using Western blotting.

Results

The development of systolic HF was accompanied by an increase in circulating catecholamines, a decrease in the AChE and α7nAChR mRNA in MO, an increase in AChE activity (all p < 0.05), and no change in either the mRNA or activity of ChAT. Both circulating catecholamine levels and AChE activity were inversely related to systolic function of left myocardial ventricle (p < 0.05). The level of α7nAChR protein in MO and its cytoplasmatic fraction were higher in pigs with moderate and severe HF as compared to the other animals (p < 0.01). There was no difference in proteasome activity in MO between diseased and healthy animals, whereas the XBP1s mRNA decreased during HF progression (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Molecular elements of parasympathetic system are changed within the medulla oblongata during the progression of systolic non-ischemic heart failure in male pigs, indicating a functional link between MO and heart in HF.