三七三醇皂苷对脑缺血再灌注大鼠的保护作用

目的 通过对局灶性脑缺血大鼠不同再灌注时段的动态观察．探讨三七三醇皂苷(PTS)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血／再灌注动物模型的神经行为学和脑梗死体积的保护作用。方法 采用改良的线栓法制备大脑中动脉阻塞(MACO)2h、再灌注不同时间段(3h、6h、12h、24h、48h、72h、7d)的大鼠短暂局灶性脑缺血模型。动物随机分假手术组、生理盐水对照组、三七三醇皂苷(PTS)组。用Zea Longa5分制评分和TTC染色法评价神经行为学和脑梗死体积。结果 神经行为学评分除72h组有明显改善外．其余各组与生理盐水对照组比较无显著性差异。脑梗死体积除再灌注3h、6h外．其余各组与生理盐水组比较差异均有显著性意义。结论 三七三醇皂苷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血及再灌注损伤有一定的保护作用。     

脑缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠大脑皮质BDNF mRNA表达减少

目的制备局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型,并观察大脑皮质脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)mR-NA表达的变化。方法雄性SD大鼠,采用线栓法闭塞大脑中动脉2h后进行再灌注3d,制备局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型。采用神经缺失评分观察大鼠的行为学表现;TTC染色检查脑组织梗死情况;HE染色观察大鼠脑组织形态结构;RT-PCR技术检测大鼠大脑皮质BDNF mRNA的表达。结果假手术组大鼠无神经功能障碍表现;脑组织未见梗死灶;脑组织神经细胞形态规则;大脑皮质BDNF mRNA的相对表达量,与正常组相比,未见明显变化。与假手术组相比,局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠出现神经功能障碍;左侧半球可见梗死灶;梗死侧脑组织形态学观察显示神经细胞大量坏死脱落、胞质呈空泡变性、疏松、胞核浓缩深染;大脑皮质BDNF mRNA表达量明显减少。结论大脑中动脉闭塞2h后进行再灌注3d可造成脑缺血再灌注损伤,可能与大脑皮质BDNF mRNA的表达减少有关。     

米诺环素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后ICAM-1表达的影响

目的观察米诺环素对大鼠短暂性脑缺血再灌注后细胞间黏附分子1表达的影响。方法采用改良线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血2h再灌注24h模型,随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注模型组、米诺环素处理组和米诺环素预处理组,每组16只。模型成功后观测各组大鼠的神经行为变化、脑梗死体积以及HE染色计数缺血区中性粒细胞的浸润数目,应用免疫组化方法检测细胞间黏附分子-1的表达情况。结果米诺环素能明显改善大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注引起的神经行为障碍,减少脑梗死体积,减少脑缺血引起细胞间黏附分子1的表达,抑制中性粒细胞的浸润。结论米诺环素对大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌足损伤有保护作用,抑制黏附分子可能是一种机制。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注ICRmRNA表达动态变化研究

目的 探讨白细胞介素1-β转化酶（ICE）在局灶性脑缺血再灌注后的表达及作用。方法 线栓法复制大脑中动脉脑缺血再灌注模型。逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）技术检测大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后ICEmRNA表达。结果 缺血3h及缺血3h再灌注随缺血及缺血再灌注时间延长,缺血中心区与半影区ICEmRNA表达处于动态变化之中,再灌注24h、48h半影区表达持续高水平,而中心区表达下降。结论 局灶性脑缺血再灌注过程中ICEmRNA表达增强,促进神经细胞凋亡,ICE参与局灶性脑缺血再灌注神经细胞凋亡的调控。     

缺血后处理对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤内质网应激通路相关分子的影响

目的探讨缺血后处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用及与内质网应激通路相关分子GRP78、caspase-12的关系。方法成年雄性Wistar大鼠58只,随机分为假手术组(sham组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)和缺血后处理组(IP组),采用线栓法阻断大脑中动脉制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注(MCAO)模型。大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后24 h进行神经行为学评分和脑梗死体积测定;脑缺血/再灌注6 h、12 h、24 h后免疫组织化学方法检测脑缺血侧半暗带区GRP78、caspase-12蛋白的表达。结果与缺血/再灌注组相比,后处理组再灌注24h神经行为学评分明显降低,脑梗死体积明显减少(P<0.05);后处理组再灌注12 h、24 h GRP78蛋白表达明显增加,再灌注24 h caspase-12蛋白表达明显减少。结论脑缺血后处理可能通过减弱内质网应激过程从而对随后发生的再灌注损伤起到了神经保护作用。其机制可能是增加GRP78蛋白表达、减少caspase-12蛋白表达而减轻神经细胞的凋亡。     

超负荷血糖条件下大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤及其MMP-2及MMP-9的表达

目的探讨超负荷血糖对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠MMP-2及MMP-9的表达影响。方法用Wistar大鼠腹腔内注射链脲佐菌素,建立超负荷糖尿病大鼠模型,之后做大脑中动脉脑缺血再灌注模型。然后对大鼠进行脑梗死体积计算,并采用免疫组织化学方法和原位杂交方法检测超负荷血糖大鼠和正常大鼠脑缺血3h再灌注6h、12h、24h、48h、96h、7d时MMP-9及MMP-9的表达,并与假手术正常对照组比较。结果超负荷血糖组梗死面积明显大于非超负荷血糖组;同时,前者MMP-2及MMP-9的表达明显高于后者。结论超负荷血糖加重了大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤,超负荷血糖诱发的MMP-2及MMP-9的表达异常促进了脑缺血再灌注损伤的炎症机制,可能是其加重脑缺血再灌注损伤的机制之一。     

线粒体钙单向转运体对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑水肿的影响

实验探讨线粒体钙单向转运体抑制剂钌红及激动剂精胺对缺血再灌注大鼠脑水肿的影响。采用线栓法建立大鼠左侧大脑中动脉闭塞大鼠模型,缺血再灌注24 h后,脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠、钌红及精胺干预的脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能评分均显著低于假手术大鼠,脑组织含水量,水通道蛋白4蛋白表达、IgG渗出含量均显著高于假手术大鼠;与脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠和脑缺血再灌注后精胺干预大鼠比较,钌红干预的脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能评分明显升高,脑组织含水量,水通道蛋白4蛋白表达及IgG渗出含量明显减少。提示预防性应用线粒体钙单向转运体抑制剂钌红可显著的降低水通道蛋白4和IgG的表达,影响血脑屏障通透性,进而降低脑水肿的程度。结论 线粒体钙单向转运体可能在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中起重要作用,并能影响AQP4的表达和血脑屏障通透性。     

依托咪酯预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨依托咪酯预处理对脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 18只雄性SD大鼠,随机均分为3组,即脑缺血-再灌注组、依托咪酯预处理组、脂微球对照组。采用颈内动脉线栓栓塞致大脑中动脉阻塞模型,监测肛温及血糖,并于再灌注24h后断头处死动物,取大脑切片行2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑染色,测量并计算脑梗死容积百分比。结果 依托咪酯预处理组脑梗死百分比明显低于脂微球对照组（P＜0.01）,低于缺血-再灌注组（P＜0.05）。但缺血-再灌注组与脂微球对照组相比差异无统计学意义。结论 依托咪酯预处理后可明显减小大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤后的脑梗死面积。     

大鼠急性脑缺血后Hephaestin的表达变化

目的 研究大鼠急性局灶性脑缺血后皮质和纹状体Hephaestin表达的变化。方法 线栓法制备大鼠急性大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)再灌注模型,在再灌注后的不同时间点应用免疫组化、图像分析以及SDS-PAGE Werstern blot方法检测缺血侧皮质和纹状体的表达变化。结果 MCAO再灌注后大鼠出现大脑中动脉梗死的神经系统损害体征,TTC染色有白色梗死区。Hephaestin在正常大鼠的皮质、纹状体有表达,在急性脑缺血再灌注后12h缺血侧皮质、纹状体表达明显增加并持续到再灌注后48h,在24h时到达高峰(P<0.01),至1周时表达较正常明显减少(P<0.01)。结论 大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注后Hephaestin的表达出现明显的变化,在急性脑缺血的病理生理变化中可能起着重要的作用。     

缺血后适应对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的影响

目的研究缺血后适应对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的影响。方法 30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注组和缺血后适应组。建立大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型。假手术组线栓插入后立即拔出;脑缺血再灌注组大鼠脑缺血60 min后拔出线栓;缺血后适应组大鼠脑缺血60min后,再灌注20 s、再缺血20 s,反复5次后恢复再灌注。于术后24 h、72 h进行神经功能评分。应用单细胞凝胶电泳检测大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤情况。结果与假手术组比较,脑缺血再灌注组和缺血后适应组大鼠术后24 h、72 h神经功能评分明显降低,外周血淋巴细胞DNA单链与双链损伤均明显增加(均P0.01)。与脑缺血再灌注组比较,缺血后适应组大鼠术后24 h、72 h神经功能评分均明显增高,外周血淋巴细胞DNA单链与双链损伤均明显减少(均P0.01)。与术后24 h比较,脑缺血再灌注组和缺血后适应组大鼠术后72 h外周血淋巴细胞DNA单链与双链损伤均明显减少(P0.05~0.01)。结论缺血后适应可减轻大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤,具有神经保护的作用。     

A new model of temporary focal neocortical ischemia in the rat.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We describe a new rat model of temporary focal ischemia that produces neocortical ischemia without the need for prolonged anesthesia. METHODS: Temporary focal cerebral ischemia was initiated during halothane anesthesia, maintained for varying periods without anesthesia, and reversed by clip removal requiring brief anesthesia. Tandem carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1-4 hours and permanent occlusion were used to determine the duration and extent of ischemia necessary to produce predictable volumes of neocortical infarction in Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats. RESULTS: In Wistar rats, occlusion of the right middle cerebral and both common carotid arteries resulted in cerebral blood flow reductions to approximately 8% of baseline. One hour of transient ischemia with 23 hours of reperfusion did not result in infarction. Three hours of ischemia followed by 21 hours of reperfusion resulted in infarction comparable to that caused by 24 hours of permanent ischemia. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, unilateral right middle cerebral and common carotid artery occlusion reduced cerebral blood flow to approximately 11% of baseline. Minimal damage was seen with 1 hour of reversible ischemia, but intervals of 2 and subsequently 3 hours followed by 22-21 hours of reperfusion produced progressively larger infarcts. Damage indistinguishable from that seen with 24 hours of permanent ischemia was seen with 3 or 4 hours of transient ischemia followed by 21 or 20 hours of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: For unanesthetized normothermic rats, cerebral blood flow reductions to 10-20% of baseline resulted in maximal infarction once ischemic durations exceeded 2-3 hours. To be effective, experimental therapies aimed at lessening infarct size or restoring blood flow must be initiated within this critical time interval.     

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathophysiology after nonocclusive common carotid artery thrombosis in rats.

Although vascular dysregulation has been documented in patients with extracranial vascular disease, transient ischemic attacks, and stroke, the pathomechanisms are poorly understood. To model thromboembolic stroke in rats, photochemically induced nonocclusive common carotid artery thrombosis (CCAT) was used to generate a platelet thrombus in the carotid artery of anesthetized rats. After CCAT, platelet aggregates break off the thrombus, travel to the distal cerebral vasculature, damage blood vessels, and cause small infarctions. The authors hypothesized that deficits in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway may be responsible for vascular dysfunction after embolic stroke. To examine the functional status of the eNOS system, they measured eNOS-dependent dilation after CCAT by applying acetylcholine through a cranial window over the middle cerebral artery. The authors also measured eNOS mRNA and protein in the middle cerebral artery to determine whether functional changes were caused by alterations in expression. eNOS-dependent dilation was reduced at 6 hours, elevated at 24 hours, and returned to baseline 72 hours after CCAT. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA increased at 2 hours and was followed by a rise in protein 24 hours after CCAT. Changes in the eNOS system may account for some of the observed vascular deficits in patients with cerebrovascular disease.     

An anatomical and pathological evaluation of middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 87) weighing 350-400 g were used for studying the anatomy of the horizontal segment of middle cerebral artery and infarct area after occlusion of the artery. In the experimental group (n = 27) middle cerebral artery was coagulated 3-4 mm length from the origin of the lateral striate arteries to the inferior cerebral vein and divided. Control rats (n = 20) had all the surgical procedures except occlusion. Another group of rats (n = 40) were used to determine the anatomical variations of middle cerebral artery after intracarotid carbon black injection. Five major patterns of middle cerebral artery were observed and two of them were major and constituted 92.5% of rats. Twenty-four hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion, all animals were neurologically evaluated. On the third day after occlusion the brains were stained with 2%, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrozolium chloride. The area of infarction was assessed by computerized analysis method. In our study after determining the variations of the middle cerebral artery and its branches in our strain of rats, we were able to achieve 92.5% grade III and IV infarcted area.     

Comparison of cerebral angiography and transcranial Doppler sonography in acute stroke

We compared digital intra-arterial angiography and transcranial Doppler sonography in acute cerebral ischemia as part of a wider study on a continuous series of 48 patients with acute focal cerebral ischemia in the carotid territory, observed within 4 hours of the onset of symptoms. The most significant Doppler findings of the middle cerebral artery included no detection of the artery when occlusion of the carotid siphon or the middle cerebral artery at its origin was shown by angiography and reduced flow velocities and asymmetry (symptomatic less than asymptomatic) when the occlusion was located in the terminal tract of the middle cerebral artery mainstem or in numerous terminal branches. Higher flow velocities in the anterior cerebral artery or posterior cerebral artery, mostly in the symptomatic hemisphere, often accompanied middle cerebral artery pathology, probably indicating collateral compensatory pathways.     

A standardisable model of focal cerebral ischaemia innormotensive rats

In this study various techniques with different periods of ischaemia have been used in order to describe a standardisable and reproducible model of reversible focal cerebral ischaemia in normotensive rats. Cerebral blood flow to the left hemisphere of the rats was temporarily interrupted by middle cerebral artery occlusion only in four rats of each group, by simultaneous middle cerebral artery and ipsilateral common carotid artery occlusion in six rats of each group, and by middle cerebral artery and bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in six rats of each group. Within each group temporary ischaemia lasted for 1, 2 or 3 h and animals survived for 24 h following reperfusion. An infarct of significant size with low standard deviation was observed after 3 h of distal middle cerebral artery and bilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion. We have found that the ratio of the infarct volume to the supratentorial brain volume is a more reliable criterion (with less standard deviation) than infarct volume alone and could be used for comparison of results obtained in experimental studies.     

经典的小鼠大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注模型的建立和评价

目的:建立经典的小鼠大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注模型。方法:以头端涂硅胶的尼龙线自左颈外动脉向颈内动脉插入至大脑中动脉起始部,阻断血流2h后拔出线栓再灌注。通过神经功能评分和氯化三苯基四氮唑(tetrazoliumchloride,TTC)染色对模型进行评价。结果:小鼠缺血2h后,出现自主活动时向右旋转等功能障碍表现,TTC染色显示出梗死范围。再灌后22hTTC改变加重,神经病学评分同前。结论:该模型可以控制缺血和再灌注时间,是研究脑栓塞病理生理等的经典动物模型。     

Hemodynamic monitoring of intracranial collateral flow predicts tissue and functional outcome in experimental ischemic stroke

Intracranial collaterals provide residual blood flow to penumbral tissue in acute ischemic stroke and contribute to infarct size variability in humans. In the present study, hemodynamic monitoring of the borderzone territory between the leptomeningeal branches of middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery was compared to lateral middle cerebral artery territory, during common carotid artery occlusion and middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. The functional performance of intracranial collaterals, shown by perfusion deficit in the territory of leptomeningeal branches either during common carotid artery occlusion or middle cerebral artery occlusion, showed significant variability among animals and consistently predicted infarct size and functional deficit. Our findings indicate that leptomeningeal collateral flow is a strong predictor of stroke severity in rats, similarly to humans. Monitoring of collateral blood flow in experimental stroke is essential for reducing variability in neuroprotection studies and accelerating the development of collateral therapeutics.     

Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats

To develop a simple, relatively noninvasive small-animal model of reversible regional cerebral ischemia, we tested various methods of inducing infarction in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) by extracranial vascular occlusion in rats. In preliminary studies, 60 rats were anesthetized with ketamine and different combinations of vessels were occluded; blood pressure and arterial blood gases were monitored. Neurologic deficit, mortality rate, gross pathology, and in some instances, electroencephalogram and histochemical staining results were evaluated in all surviving rats. The principal procedure consisted of introducing a 4-0 nylon intraluminal suture into the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) and advancing it intracranially to block blood flow into the MCA; collateral blood flow was reduced by interrupting all branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) and all extracranial branches of the ICA. In some groups of rats, bilateral vertebral or contralateral carotid artery occlusion was also performed. India ink perfusion studies in 20 rats documented blockage of MCA blood flow in 14 rats subjected to permanent occlusion and the restoration of blood flow to the MCA territory in six rats after withdrawal of the suture from the ICA. The best method of MCA occlusion was then selected for further confirmatory studies, including histologic examination, in five additional groups of rats anesthetized with halothane. Seven of eight rats that underwent permanent occlusion of the MCA had resolving moderately severe neurologic deficits (Grade 2 of 4) and unilateral infarcts averaging 37.6 +/- 5.5% of the coronal sectional area at 72 hours after the onset of occlusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in the cerebral cortex of rats after ischemia-hypoxic injury

BACKGROUND: Some researches demonstrate that exogenous bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) can protect ischemic cerebral nerve tissue and promote recovery of motor energy function; however, there is lack of direct evidences of endogenous BMP-7 effect. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of endogenous BMP-7 in nerve tissue with ischemic-hypoxic injury and investigate the possible effects on damaged nerve tissue. DESIGN: Observational contrast animal study. SETTING: Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, Peking University Health Science Center. MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Nerve Researching Laboratory of Anatomy Department, Peking University Health Science Center from October 2006 to March 2007. A total of 25 adult male SD rats weighing 250–300 g and several newborn SD rats were selected from Experimental Animal Center, Peking University Health Science Center. Rabbit-anti-BMP-7 polyclonal antibody was provided by Wuhan Boster Company. METHODS: ① Adult rats were randomly divided into ischemia group (n =10), sham operation group (n = 10) and normal group (n =5). Right external-internal carotid artery occlusion was used to infarct middle cerebral artery of adult rats in the ischemia group so as to copy focal cerebral infarction models. Line cork was inserted in crotch of internal and external carotid artery of adult rats in the sham operation group, while adult rats in the normal group were not given any treatments. ② Cerebral cortex of newborn rats was separated to obtain cell suspension. Cells which were cultured for 10 days were divided into control group and hypoxia/reoxygenation group. And then, cells in the hypoxia/reoxygenation group were cultured in hypoxic incubator for 4 hours and given reoxygenation for 24 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Immunohistochemical method was used to measure expression of BMP-7 in cerebral cortex at 24 hours after ischemia/reperfusion culture and in primary hypoxic culture. RESULTS: ① At 24 hours after cerebral ischemia, expression of BMP-7 in cerebral cortex on ischemic side was stronger than that on non-ischemic side in adult rats; meanwhile, numbers of cell expression were increased. However, expression of BMP-7 was not detected in bilateral cerebral cortex of adult rats in both control group and sham operation group. ② After hypoxia of cerebral cortex in primary culture, positive products of BMP-7 were observed in plasma of neuron, but expression of BMP-7 was not found in normal cerebral cortex. CONCLUSION: Endogenous BMP-7 has protective effects on nerve tissue induced by ischemic-hypoxic injury.     

脑缺血预处理降低大鼠脑一氧化氮水平抗脑缺血损伤的实验研究

目的:探讨脑缺血预处理对大鼠缺血性脑损伤的保护作用及其与一氧化氮(NO)的关系。方法:缺血预处理组大鼠钳夹阻断两侧颈总动脉15min;3天后,线栓法制作大脑中动脉阻塞模型,线栓阻塞右大脑中动脉8h。非缺血预处理组除不钳夹阻断两侧颈总动脉外,其余步骤相同。右大脑中动脉阻塞8h后,对大鼠进行神经功能缺失评分及亚硝酸盐还原法测定大脑皮层及海马的NO含量。结果:(1)缺血预处理组大鼠神经功能缺失评分较非缺血预处理组有显著改善(P＜0．01);(2)缺血预处理组大鼠缺血侧和自身对照侧皮层、海马的NO含量较非缺血预处理组大鼠明显下降(P＜0．05)。结论:大鼠脑缺血预处理对随后的脑缺血损伤具有保护作用,其机制之一可能是降低了脑组织的NO水平。