降压治疗对老年人脑梗死急性期重度高血压患者预后的影响

目的观察降压治疗对老年人脑梗死急性期重度高血压患者预后的影响。方法 2012-02-2015-02我科收住的老年人脑梗死急性期有重度高血压的(收缩压≥220mmHg或舒张压≥120mmHg)患者120例,随机分成治疗组和对照组各60例,治疗组给予硝酸甘油10 mg,1~2 mL/h泵入,根据血压调整速度,使血压下降速度20%/h,将收缩压稳定在150~160mmHg或舒张压稳定在95~100mmHg,1周后给予口服降压药,将硝酸甘油减量并停用;对照组1周内不降压,1周后给予降压药口服,观察7d、14d时2组神经功能缺损情况和心脏、肾脏受损情况。结果治疗组急性期经缓慢降压并使血压维持在150~160/95~100mmHg,和对照组1周后再降压治疗比较,7d、14d神经功能缺损程度评分均较对照组低(P0.05);治疗组诱发心律失常、心肌梗死、心脏猝死的比例较对照组低;对肾脏的损害也较对照组低。结论对重症高血压的急性期脑梗死老年患者适度降压可减轻神经功能缺损程度,减少对心脏和肾脏的损伤。     

曲克芦丁脑蛋白水解物注射液治疗急性脑梗死的随机、单盲和安慰剂对照研究

目的探讨曲克芦丁脑蛋白水解物注射液治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及安全性。方法选取符合入组条件的急性脑梗死患者456例,按1∶3比例随机分为对照组和治疗组,其中治疗组共342例给予曲克芦丁脑蛋白水解物注射液治疗14d,对照组共114例给予灭菌注射用水,两组基础治疗一致。主要疗效观察指标为两组患者发病90d时的改良Rankin量表评价分析无明显残障(0~2级)患者的比例,次要疗效指标为治疗7d、14d后美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评分较基线降低≥7分者所占百分比和治疗14d、发病后90d Barthel指数评价≥75分者所占百分比。结果治疗组发病90d后无明显残障病例(改良Rankin量表评分0~2级)百分比明显高于对照组(83.92%νs.69.3%,P0.01);用药14d时治疗组NIHSS评分降低≥7分者所占百分比明显高于对照组(31.37%νs.4.08%,P0.01);治疗组发病90d后Barthel指数≥75者所占百分比高于对照组(85.38%νs.76.32%,P0.05)。治疗组和对照组分别发生26例(7.28%)、11例(9.17%)不良反应(一般不良事件),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论曲克芦丁脑蛋白水解物注射液可改善急性脑梗死患者的神经功能缺损程度,促进功能恢复,且不良反应少,安全性较好,值得临床推广。     

丁苯酞联合美金刚早期治疗急性缺血性卒中后失语的有效性和安全性研究

目的 探讨丁苯酞联合美金刚早期治疗急性缺血性卒中后失语（post-stroke aphasia,PSA）的有效性 和安全性。 方法 前瞻性连续纳入2019年1月-2020年3月于青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院神经内科收治的60 例首次发病的PSA患者,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。对照组给予丁苯酞序贯 治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合美金刚10 mg/d口服,治疗90 d。比较两组治疗14 d和90 d时的西方 失语成套测验（western aphasia battery,WAB）-失语商（aphasia quotient,AQ）评分（包括自发言语、听 理解、复述、命名4个亚项和AQ评分）,90 d时NIHSS和mRS评分,以及肝肾功能情况。 结果 治疗前,两组NIHSS、WAB-AQ各项评分差异均无统计学意义。治疗14 d时,两组WAB-AQ各项 评分差异无统计学意义。治疗90 d时,观察组WAB中自发言语（P =0.006）、听理解（P =0.048）、复 述（P＜0.001）、命名（P =0.001）亚项及AQ评分（P =0.001）均高于对照组;NIHSS评分[1.0（0.0～3.0） 分 vs 3.0（1.0～10.0）分,P =0.029]和mRS评分[1.0（0.0～1.0）分 vs 1.5（1.0～3.0）分,P =0.004]均 低于对照组。两组治疗90 d时肝肾功能检查结果均正常。 结论 丁苯酞联合美金刚治疗可改善PSA患者的神经功能、生活自理能力、言语功能,且安全性 较高。     

脑梗死急性期降压治疗对3个月预后的影响

目的探讨脑梗死急性期降压治疗与3个月预后的关系,为急性脑梗死患者血压管理提供依据。方法将入选的452例急性脑梗死患者依据发病前2周内是否服用降压药物分为2个亚组,将两亚组随机分为干预组和对照组。干预组给予降压治疗[入院24h内收缩压(SBP)下降10%~20%,7~14d血压140/90mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)以下],对照组不降压。动态监测所有患者14d内的血压变化,并记录入院时基本资料及3个月死亡/主要残疾及复发等情况。结果 2个亚组中,干预组和对照组死亡/残疾比率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),只有在近期服用降压药物患者中,干预组复发率明显低于对照组(P0.05),而在近期未服用降压药物患者中,2组复发率无明显差别(P0.05)。分别对两亚组患者进行多因素Logistic回归分析显示,在调整年龄、高血压史、入院SBP、入院NIHSS评分、3个月SBP及3个月内服用降压药情况等因素后,急性期降压治疗均不影响急性脑梗死3个月预后。结论脑梗死患者急性期给予适度降压治疗不能增加或降低3个月死亡/致残和复发的风险,所以血压管理需依据病情实行个体化原则。     

血糖水平与部分前循环梗死预后关系

目的探讨急性期血糖水平与部分前循环梗死严重程度及近期预后的相关性。方法选择部分前循环梗死患者80例,根据有无糖尿病史、糖化血红蛋白及入院24h内的血糖水平分组,血糖正常组(n=20),应激性高血糖组(n=34),糖尿病组(n=26)。3组患者于入院即时及治疗12d均用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)及改良Rankin量表(MRS)进行神经功能缺损程度及致残程度评估。结果 (1)应激性高血糖组和糖尿病组入院NIHSS评分更高(P0.05);(2)血糖正常组和应激性高血糖组治疗12d的NIHSS、MRS评分低于糖尿病组(P0.05);(3)血糖正常组的治疗效果较应激性高血糖组及糖尿病组好(P0.05)。结论合并高血糖状态的部分前循环梗死患者于急性期神经功能缺损程度更重,糖尿病伴前循环梗死的近期预后较差。     

rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗不同时间窗椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死的临床疗效观察

目的探讨椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死患者不同时间窗重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析50例椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死患者临床资料,按溶栓治疗时间窗分为4.5 h组和4.5~9 h组,每组25例。比较两组患者神经功能缺损量表(national institutes of health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、Barthel指数(Barthel index,BI)评分、改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)评分及脑出血发生率。结果与治疗前相比较,治疗后14 d、30 d、90 d时4.5 h组和4.5~9 h组NIHSS评分和BI评分均显著升高,组间比较差异显著(P0.05)。治疗前及治疗后14 d、30 d、90 d,两组患者NIHSS评分和BI评分比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。治疗后90 d,两组患者mRS评分比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。4.5 h组和4.5~9 h组BI评分脑出血发生率分别为4.0%(1/25)、8.0%(2/25),组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死患者发病9 h内应用rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗是安全有效的。     

急性缺血性卒中血管内治疗的临床效果与效率评价

目的应用卒中预后特异和非特异评估体系以及卫生经济学评估体系,评价急性缺血性卒中血管内治疗的临床效果与效率。方法选择首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院于2015年1-4月收治的符合急性缺血性卒中血管内治疗的患者,分为血管内治疗组和对照组,评价指标包括:(1)特异性指标:入院后14 d神经功能缺损程度卒中量表(National Institute of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分,90 d后改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,m RS)评级,90 d及1年内卒中发生率;(2)非特异指标:1年内院内感染、急性心肌梗死、症状性脑出血的发生率;(3)卫生经济学指标:患者1年医疗总费用、总药费,1年内住院次数及累计住院日、累计重症监护病房(Intensive Care Unit,ICU)住院日。结果急性缺血性卒中患者给予血管内治疗预后较对照组在入院后14 d NIHSS评分采用秩和检验比较,血管内治疗组明显优于对照组(P0.01);90 d及1年内卒中发生率采用χ2检验,发现血管内治疗组的90 d卒中再发率(P0.05)及1年内卒中再发率(P0.01)均低于对照组。与对照组相比,血管内治疗组患者1年内院内感染、急性心肌梗死、症状性脑出血采用χ2检验,两组间差异无显著性。入院后90 d m RS评级采用秩和检验,对照组无残疾或轻度(0~1级)、中度(2~3级)、重度残疾(4~5级)及死亡人数分别为3例、15例、23例和4例,血管内治疗组分别为17例、12例、3例和5例,血管内治疗组较对照组明显改善(P0.05)。血管内治疗组在1年内累计医疗花费与对照组比较,差异无显著性,但在1年内住院次数(P0.01)、药费(P0.05)以及ICU住院日(P0.01)较对照组明显下降。结论急性缺血性卒中患者的血管内治疗可以提高患者的预后,在提高医疗质量的同时并没有增加患者的住院费用,可以减少患者的住院次数及药费。     

立体定向血肿抽吸术联合阿托伐他汀治疗自发性脑出血的疗效观察

目的观察立体定向血肿抽吸术联合阿托伐他汀治疗自发性脑出血患者的疗效。方法回顾分析2015-01—2018-03贵州航天医院收治的出血量30～40 mL基底节区出血患者60例,随机分为对照组和观察组各30例,对照组早期接受立体定向血肿抽吸术及常规内科治疗,观察组除接受相同手术及内科治疗外,早期口服或鼻饲阿托伐他汀治疗(20 mg/次,1次/d,持续28 d)。采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评定2组治疗后14 d和30 d的神经功能状态,采用改良Rankin分级量表(mRS)评估患者治疗后90 d预后情况;比较2组患者术后90 d神经功能恢复良好率。结果 2组患者治疗后14 d、30 d NIHSS评分及30 d内再出血发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后90 d观察组mRS评分及恢复良好率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论基底节区出血量30～40 mL的患者采用立体定向血肿抽吸术联合常规剂量阿托伐他汀治疗安全有效且有更好的远期效果。     

影响后循环脑梗死急性期阿司匹林和氯吡格雷联合抗血小板治疗预后的相关因素

目的研究影响后循环脑梗死(PCCI)急性期阿司匹林和氯吡格雷联合抗血小板治疗预后的相关因素。方法给83例急性PCCI患者阿司匹100 mg/d和氯吡格雷75 mg/d口服,连续7 d,后改为单用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷。收集患者的临床资料及进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分和血生化检测。统计14 d内发生颅内出血的例数。治疗90 d时,进行改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分,评定患者的预后;统计脑卒中复发、死亡的例数。结果本组患者治疗90 d时,预后良好43例(51.8%),预后不良40例(48.2%),死亡11例(13.3%);脑梗死复发1例(1.2%);治疗14 d内发生颅内出血1例(1.2%)。预后良好组NIHSS评分、血糖水平、血压、开始治疗的时间显著低于或短于预后不良组(均P0.05)。多元Logistic回归分析显示,NIHSS评分低(OR=1.608,95%CI:1.401~1.879;P0.01)、血糖水平低(OR=1.201,95%CI:1.011~1.322;P0.05)是PCCI患者联合抗血小板治疗预后良好的独立预测因素。结论 PCCI患者的NIHSS评分和血糖水平是影响其急性期阿司匹林和氯吡格雷联合抗血小板治疗预后的相关因素。     

积极降压对脑出血血肿周围继发神经元损伤及预后的影响

目的比较急性期积极降压与指南推荐的标准降压对脑出血血肿周围继发神经元损伤及预后的影响。方法采用前瞻性、随机对照临床研究。将36例连续入院、发病6 h内CT证实为脑出血的患者,随机分为积极降压组和标准降压组,分别予早期积极降压(目标收缩压140 mm Hg)和按照美国心脏病协会2010年指南推荐的标准降压(目标收缩压180 mm Hg),两组患者均在降压72 h行质子磁共振波谱检查并随访90 d。比较两组72 h血肿周围区N-乙酰天门冬氨酸/肌酸(N acetyl aspartate/creatine,NAA/Cr)较对侧镜像区的下降比例及乳酸波峰值、早期神经功能缺损变化及90 d死亡/残疾率有无差异。结果共有31例患者得到可分析的谱线,积极降压组14例,标准降压组17例。72 h后积极降压组血肿侧较对侧镜像区NAA/Cr下降比例为(13.3%±4.2%),标准降压组为(11.9%±2.8%),两组下降率比较无统计学差异(P=0.308);两组早期神经功能缺损变化无统计学差异(P0.05);两组90 d死亡/残疾率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论早期积极降压对脑出血血肿周围组织继发性神经元损伤及预后无明显影响。由于样本量较小,结果的稳健性尚需大样本随机对照试验进一步验证。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Impact of our understanding of the genetic aetiology of epilepsy

A genetic contribution to aetiology is estimated to be present in up to 40% of patients with epilepsy. It is useful to categorise genetic epilepsies according to the mechanisms of inheritance into Mendelian disorders, non-mendelian or ‘complex’ disorders, and chromosomal disorders. Over 200 Mendelian diseases include epilepsy as part of the phenotype, and the genes for a number of these have been identified recently. These include autosomal recessive progressive myoclonic epilepsies such as Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Lafora disease and the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and three autosomal dominant idiopathic epilepsies. The last named have been shown to arise from mutations in ion channel genes. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is caused by mutations in CHRNA4, benign familial neonatal convulsions by mutations in KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, and generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus by mutations in SCN1B. ‘Complex’, familial epilepsies are more difficult to analyse, but evidence has been obtained for loci predisposing to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy on chromosome 6p and 15q. Lastly, the genes underlying several spike-wave epilepsies in mice have been cloned, and three of these encode sub-units of voltage-gated calcium channels. Received: 29 September 1999/Accepted: 7 December 1999     

他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂相关性分析

目的 探讨他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂的影响。方法 2010年3月至2014年3月收治颅内囊状动脉瘤67例,其中破裂者32例,未破裂者35例。采用多变量Logistic回归评估他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂的关系。结果 破裂组术前使用他汀类药物4例（12.5%,4/32）,未破裂组16例（45.7%,16/35）。破裂组服用他汀类药物的百分比显著低于未破裂组（P<0.01）。纠正潜在的混杂干扰后（or值: 0.30,95%可信空间:0.12~="" 0.64）显示,颅内动脉瘤破裂与他汀类药物的使用呈显著负相关,也与高血清总胆固醇浓度有关。结论 本结果提示他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂有一定的预防效果。